Select a subgroup characteristic from the drop-down menu below to view relevant text and figures.
#Rounds to zero.
NOTE: Data in this table represent the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Although rounded numbers are displayed, the figures are based on unrounded data. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Please visit NCES’s Education Across America website for the definition of locale.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), "Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey," 2019-20. See Digest of Education Statistics 2021, table 214.40.
NOTE: Includes homeschooled students. Although rounded numbers are displayed, figures are based on unrounded data. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Please visit NCES’s Education Across America website for the definition of locale.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Parent and Family Involvement in Education Survey of the National Household Education Surveys Program (PFI-NHES:2019). See Digest of Education Statistics 2021, table 102.90.
NOTE: Includes homeschooled students. Nonparental guardians are persons other than mothers and fathers (birth, adoptive, step, or foster, and same-sex parents or partners of parents), such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, or close family friends. Although rounded numbers are displayed, the figures are based on unrounded data. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Please visit NCES’s Education Across America website for the definition of locale.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Parent and Family Involvement in Education Survey of the National Household Education Surveys Program (PFI-NHES:2019). See Digest of Education Statistics 2021, table 102.90.
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent.
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate, the type of locale does not exist within the state or jurisdiction, or the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater.
NOTE: Includes only 5- to 17-year-old related children. Related children include all children who live in a household and are related to the householder by birth, marriage, or adoption (except a child who is the spouse of the householder). The householder is the person (or one of the people) who owns or rents (maintains) the housing unit. Excludes unrelated children and householders who are themselves under the age of 18. Poverty status is determined by the Census Bureau using a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition. For additional information about poverty status, see https://www.census.gov/topics/income-poverty/poverty/guidance/poverty-measures.html. Although rounded numbers are displayed, the figures are based on unrounded data. Please visit NCES’s Education Across America website for the definition of locale.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, American Community Survey Education Tabulation (ACS-ED), 2019, Custom Tabulated Data File. See Digest of Education Statistics 2020, table 102.45.
1 Hanushek, E.A., Kain, J.F., and Rivkin, S.G. (2009). New Evidence About Brown v. Board of Education: The Complex Effects of School Racial Composition on Achievement. Journal of Labor Economics, 27(3), 349–383. Retrieved September 22, 2022, from https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/600386?journalCode=jole.
2 Mickelson, R.A., Bottia, M.C., and Lambert, R. (2013). Effects of School Racial Composition on K–12 Mathematics Outcomes: A Metaregression Analysis. Review of Educational Research, 83(1), 121–158. Retrieved September 22, 2022, from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3102/0034654312475322.
3 Pungello, E.P., Kainz, K., Burchinal, M., Wasik, B.H., Sparling, J.J., Ramey, C.T., and Campbell, F.A. (2010, February). Early Educational Intervention, Early Cumulative Risk, and the Early Home Environment as Predictors of Young Adult Outcomes Within a High-Risk Sample. Child Development, 81(1): 410–426. Retrieved January 8, 2021, from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01403.x/full.
4 Radel, L., Bramlett, M., Chow, K., and Waters, A. (2016). Children Living Apart from Their Parents: Highlights from the National Survey of Children in Nonparental Care. Retrieved July 19, 2022, from https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/migrated_legacy_files//146232/NSCNC.pdf.
5 Ross, T., Kena, G., Rathbun, A., KewalRamani, A., Zhang, J., Kristapovich, P., and Manning, E. (2012). Higher Education: Gaps in Access and Persistence Study (NCES 2012-046). U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved January 8, 2021, from https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2012046.
6 Brooks-Gunn, J., Duncan, G.J. (1997). The Effects of Poverty on Children. The Future of Children, 7(2): 55–71. Retrieved June 24, 2022, from https://doi.org/10.2307/1602387.
7 Misty, L., and Laura, D.T. (2011). The Effects of Poverty on Academic Achievement. Educational Research and Reviews, 6(7): 522–527. Retrieved October 14, 2022, from https://academicjournals.org/article/article1379765941_Lacour%20and%20Tissington.pdf.
8 Please visit NCES’s Education Across America website for the definition of locale.
9 Although both round to 7 percent, the unrounded percentage of students who were Black in fringe towns was higher than the unrounded percentage of students who were Black in distant rural areas (6.9 vs. 6.8 percent).
10 Pungello, E.P., Kainz, K., Burchinal, M., Wasik, B.H., Sparling, J.J., Ramey, C.T., and Campbell, F.A. (2010, February). Early Educational Intervention, Early Cumulative Risk, and the Early Home Environment as Predictors of Young Adult Outcomes Within a High-Risk Sample. Child Development, 81(1): 410–426. Retrieved January 8, 2021, from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01403.x/full.
11 Radel, L., Bramlett, M., Chow, K., and Waters, A. (2016). Children Living Apart From Their Parents: Highlights From the National Survey of Children in Nonparental Care. Retrieved July 19, 2022, from https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/migrated_legacy_files//146232/NSCNC.pdf.
12 Ross, T., Kena, G., Rathbun, A., KewalRamani, A., Zhang, J., Kristapovich, P., and Manning, E. (2012). Higher Education: Gaps in Access and Persistence Study (NCES 2012-046). U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved January 8, 2021, from https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2012046.
13 Nonparental guardians are persons other than mothers and fathers (birth, adoptive, step, or foster, and same-sex parents or partners of parents), such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, or close family friends.
14 Brooks-Gunn, J., Duncan, G.J. (1997). The Effects of Poverty on Children. The Future of Children, 7(2): 55–71. Retrieved June 24, 2022, from https://doi.org/10.2307/1602387; Misty, L., and Laura, D.T. (2011). The Effects of Poverty on Academic Achievement. Educational Research and Reviews, 6(7): 522–527.
15 Related children include all children who live in a household and are related to the householder by birth, marriage, or adoption (except a child who is the spouse of the householder). The householder is the person (or one of the people) who owns or rents (maintains) the housing unit.