Average score is higher than U.S. average score at the .05 level of statistical significance.

Average score is lower than U.S. average score at the .05 level of statistical significance.

¹ B-S-J-Z (China) refers to the four PISA participating China provinces: Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang.

² At least 50 percent but less than 75 percent of the 15-year-old population is covered by the PISA sample.

³ Less than 50 percent of the 15-year-old population is covered by the PISA sample.

NOTE: Education systems are ordered by 2018 average score. Scores are reported on a scale from 0 to 1,000. Italics indicate non-OECD countries and education systems. Education systems are marked as OECD countries if they were OECD members in 2018. The OECD average is the average of the national averages of the OECD member countries, with each country weighted equally. In the case of reading literacy, the 2018 OECD average does not include Spain due to issues with its PISA 2018 reading literacy data. Although Spain’s PISA 2018 data meet international technical standards, its reading literacy data show unusual student response behavior that prevent them from being reported at this time. Although Vietnam participated in PISA 2018, technical problems with its data prevent results from being discussed in this indicator.

SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), 2018. See Digest of Education Statistics 2019, table 602.50.

Below level 2

At or above level 5

# Rounds to zero.

! Interpret data with caution. Estimate is unstable due to high coefficient of variation (> 30 percent and ≤ 50 percent).

!! Interpret data with caution. Estimate is unstable because the standard error represents more than 50 percent of the estimate.

* p < .05. Significantly different from the U.S. percentage.

¹ B-S-J-Z (China) refers to the four PISA participating China provinces: Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang.

² At least 50 percent but less than 75 percent of the 15-year-old population is covered by the PISA sample.

³ Less than 50 percent of the 15-year-old population is covered by the PISA sample.

NOTE: Education systems are ordered by 2018 percentages of 15-year-olds in levels 5 and above. Descriptions of the skills and knowledge of students at each reading proficiency level are available at https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/pisa2018/pdf/ReadingProfLevelDescriptionV2.pdf. To reach a particular proficiency level, a student must correctly answer a majority of items at that level. Students were classified into reading proficiency levels according to their scores. Exact cut scores are as follows: below level 2 is a score less than or equal to 407.47; at or above level 5 is a score equal to or greater than 625.61. Scores are reported on a scale from 0 to 1,000. Italics indicate non-OECD countries and education systems. Education systems are marked as OECD countries if they were OECD members in 2018. The OECD average is the average of the national percentages of the OECD member countries, with each country weighted equally. In the case of reading literacy, the 2018 OECD average does not include Spain due to issues with its PISA 2018 reading literacy data. Although Spain’s PISA 2018 data meet international technical standards, its reading literacy data show unusual student response behavior that prevent them from being reported at this time. Although Vietnam participated in PISA 2018, technical problems with its data prevent results from being discussed in this indicator.

SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), 2018. See Digest of Education Statistics 2019, table 602.50.

Average score is higher than U.S. average score at the .05 level of statistical significance.

Average score is lower than U.S. average score at the .05 level of statistical significance.

¹ B-S-J-Z (China) refers to the four PISA participating China provinces: Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang.

² At least 50 percent but less than 75 percent of the 15-year-old population is covered by the PISA sample.

³ Less than 50 percent of the 15-year-old population is covered by the PISA sample.

NOTE: Education systems are ordered by 2018 average score. Scores are reported on a scale from 0 to 1,000. Italics indicate non-OECD countries and education systems. Education systems are marked as OECD countries if they were OECD members in 2018. The OECD average is the average of the national averages of the OECD member countries, with each country weighted equally. Although Vietnam participated in PISA 2018, technical problems with its data prevent results from being discussed in this indicator.

SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), 2018. See Digest of Education Statistics 2019, table 602.60.

Below level 2

At or above level 5

# Rounds to zero.

! Interpret data with caution. Estimate is unstable due to high coefficient of variation (> 30 percent and ≤ 50 percent).

!! Interpret data with caution. Estimate is unstable because the standard error represents more than 50 percent of the estimate.

* p < .05. Significantly different from the U.S. percentage.

¹ B-S-J-Z (China) refers to the four PISA participating China provinces: Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang.

² At least 50 percent but less than 75 percent of the 15-year-old population is covered by the PISA sample.

³ Less than 50 percent of the 15-year-old population is covered by the PISA sample.

NOTE: Education systems are ordered by 2018 percentages of 15-year-olds in levels 5 and above. Descriptions of the skills and knowledge of students at each mathematics proficiency level are available at https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/pisa2018/pdf/MathProfLevelDescriptionV2.pdf. To reach a particular proficiency level, a student must correctly answer a majority of items at that level. Students were classified into mathematics proficiency levels according to their scores. Exact cut scores are as follows: Below Level 2 (a score less than 420.07); At or Above Level 5 is a score equal to or greater than 606.99. Scores are reported on a scale from 0 to 1,000. Italics indicate non-OECD countries and education systems. Education systems are marked as OECD countries if they were OECD members in 2018. The OECD average is the average of the national percentages of the OECD member countries, with each country weighted equally. Although Vietnam participated in PISA 2018, technical problems with its data prevent results from being discussed in this indicator.

SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), 2018. See Digest of Education Statistics 2019, table 602.60.

Average score is higher than U.S. average score at the .05 level of statistical significance.

Average score is lower than U.S. average score at the .05 level of statistical significance.

¹ B-S-J-Z (China) refers to the four PISA participating China provinces: Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang.

² At least 50 percent but less than 75 percent of the 15-year-old population is covered by the PISA sample.

³ Less than 50 percent of the 15-year-old population is covered by the PISA sample.

NOTE: Education systems are ordered by 2018 average score. Scores are reported on a scale from 0 to 1,000. Italics indicate non-OECD countries and education systems. Education systems are marked as OECD countries if they were OECD members in 2018. The OECD average is the average of the national averages of the OECD member countries, with each country weighted equally. Although Vietnam participated in PISA 2018, technical problems with its data prevent results from being discussed in this indicator.

SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), 2018. See Digest of Education Statistics 2019, table 602.70.

Below level 2

At or above level 5

# Rounds to zero.

! Interpret data with caution. Estimate is unstable due to high coefficient of variation (> 30 percent and ≤ 50 percent).

!! Interpret data with caution. Estimate is unstable because the standard error represents more than 50 percent of the estimate.

* p < .05. Significantly different from the U.S. percentage.

¹ B-S-J-Z (China) refers to the four PISA participating China provinces: Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang.

² At least 50 percent but less than 75 percent of the 15-year-old population is covered by the PISA sample.

³ Less than 50 percent of the 15-year-old population is covered by the PISA sample.

NOTE: Education systems are ordered by 2018 percentages of 15-year-olds in levels 5 and above. Descriptions of the skills and knowledge of students at each science proficiency level are available at https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/pisa2018/pdf/ScienceProfLevelDescriptionV2.pdf. To reach a particular proficiency level, a student must correctly answer a majority of items at that level. Students were classified into science proficiency levels according to their scores. Exact cut scores are as follows: Below Level 2 (a score less than 409.54); At or Above Level 5 is a score equal to or greater than 633.33. Scores are reported on a scale from 0 to 1,000. Italics indicate non-OECD countries and education systems. Education systems are marked as OECD countries if they were OECD members in 2018. The OECD average is the average of the national percentages of the OECD member countries, with each country weighted equally. Although Vietnam participated in PISA 2018, technical problems with its data prevent results from being discussed in this indicator.

SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), 2018. See Digest of Education Statistics 2019, table 602.70.