IEA: Percentage distribution and average science achievement scores of fourth-grade students as reported in TIMSS, by the Index of principals' perception of school climate (PPSC) and country: 2007

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Table C.1.07a.

IEA: Percentage distribution and average science achievement scores of fourth-grade students as reported in TIMSS, by the Index of principals' perception of school climate (PPSC) and country: 2007

Country, ordered by high PPSC	High PPSC									Medium PPSC								Low PPSC
	2007 percent of students			Average achievement		Difference in percent from 2003				2007 percent of students		Average achievement		Difference in percent from 2003				2007 percent of students			Average achievement		Difference in percent from 2003
	Percent		s.e.	Score	s.e.	Percent		s.e.		Percent	s.e.	Score	s.e.	Percent		s.e.		Percent		s.e.	Score	s.e.	Percent		s.e.
International Avg.	22		0.5	491	2.3	—		†		68	0.6	474	0.8	—		†		10		0.4	444	2.6	—		†

Chinese Taipei	64		3.7	558	2.8	‡		†		35	3.6	557	3.2	‡		†		‡		†	‡	†	‡		†
Australia	50		4.2	545	4.6	‡		†		47	3.8	512	4.4	‡		†		‡		†	‡	†	‡		†
New Zealand	49		3.2	525	4.0	#		†		47	3.0	487	4.5	#		†		4	!	1.2	478	11.6	#		†
Scotland	48		4.8	505	3.6	‡		†		51	4.8	497	4.3	‡		†		#		†	‡	†	‡		†
United States	48		3.0	559	3.9	#		†		46	3.1	525	3.5	‡		†		6		1.5	474	10.9	‡		†

England¹	45		4.5	549	4.4	‡		†		47	4.6	538	4.3	-17	!	6.8	▼	8		2.3	516	7.3	6	!	2.7	∆
Austria	36		3.1	532	4.2	—		†		62	3.1	521	2.8	—		†		‡		†	‡	†	—		†
Singapore	36		#	605	6.6	‡		†		62	#	578	4.8	‡		†		2		#	‡	†	‡		†
Iran, Islamic Rep. of	31		3.8	449	9.6	‡		†		64	3.8	429	6.1	‡		†		5	!	1.7	433	12.8	‡		†
Kazakhstan	29		5.4	532	10.9	—		†		65	5.7	535	5.7	—		†		5	!	2.3	513	37.7	—		†

Sweden	27		3.6	532	4.4	—		†		66	4.0	526	3.5	—		†		6	!	2.6	480	9.7	—		†
Hong Kong SAR	27		3.9	554	6.4	‡		†		69	4.2	555	4.1	‡		†		5	!	2.0	531	17.7	‡		†
El Salvador	26		4.1	418	11.4	—		†		60	4.4	377	4.8	—		†		14		3.1	388	12.2	—		†
Denmark	26		3.9	533	4.5	—		†		69	4.1	514	3.8	—		†		5	!	2.1	485	17.4	—		†
Qatar	24		0.2	325	4.1	—		†		69	0.2	279	2.4	—		†		7		0.1	335	5.2	—		†

Norway	21		3.8	484	5.8	‡		†		78	3.9	473	4.0	‡		†		‡		†	‡	†	‡		†
Kuwait	18		2.9	359	13.6	—		†		73	3.5	352	5.6	—		†		9		2.3	298	12.5	—		†
Slovenia	18		3.7	517	6.8	10	!	4.2	∆	78	3.8	519	2.2	‡		†		4	!	1.7	522	9.4	‡		†
Lithuania	15		3.0	524	4.4	-10	!	4.6	▼	81	3.3	514	2.8	‡		†		4	!	1.4	493	3.9	‡		†
Morocco¹	13		3.8	337	32.4	10	!	4.0	∆	56	5.0	301	9.1	16	!	6.9	∆	31		3.9	268	12.7	-25		6.1	▼

Germany	13		2.6	541	4.4	—		†		78	3.0	531	2.6	—		†		9		2.0	489	10.6	—		†
Hungary	12		3.0	573	8.9	‡		†		78	4.0	537	3.7	‡		†		10	!	3.1	489	11.2	‡		†
Colombia	12		2.6	452	10.4	—		†		63	5.0	398	6.8	—		†		25		4.8	386	13.3	—		†
Italy	12		2.7	534	8.2	‡		†		81	2.9	536	3.3	‡		†		8		1.8	531	16.5	‡		†
Netherlands¹	11		2.6	534	10.6	‡		†		84	3.1	522	3.3	‡		†		5	!	2.1	483	10.6	‡		†

Yemen	11		2.7	227	14.2	—		†		71	3.8	199	8.3	—		†		18		3.6	174	16.3	—		†
Japan	10		2.6	551	5.7	‡		†		84	3.0	548	2.1	‡		†		7		1.9	540	5.5	‡		†
Russian Federation	9		2.0	568	9.9	5	!	2.3	∆	83	3.1	546	4.9	‡		†		8	!	2.5	524	20.2	‡		†
Tunisia	9		2.5	371	22.4	#		†		66	3.9	327	6.3	17	!	5.5	∆	25		3.6	273	13.5	-17	!	5.3	▼
Algeria	7	!	2.1	353	12.6	—		†		65	4.4	355	8.3	—		†		28		4.1	346	10.7	—		†

Armenia¹	5	!	1.8	502	43.1	‡		†		72	3.7	484	6.7	‡		†		23		3.5	482	14.9	‡		†
Slovak Republic	4	!	1.5	574	9.7	—		†		69	3.4	531	3.8	—		†		27		3.4	501	11.9	—		†
Ukraine	3	!	1.3	475	19.3	—		†		93	2.3	475	3.0	—		†		5	!	1.9	445	25.6	—		†
Latvia	‡		†	‡	†	‡		†		84	3.2	544	2.5	‡		†		14		3.2	537	5.6	‡		†
Georgia	‡		†	‡	†	—		†		73	4.0	424	5.5	—		†		26		4.1	401	8.9	—		†

Czech Republic	1		#	‡	†	—		†		79	3.8	517	3.4	—		†		21		3.9	508	6.6	—		†

Benchmarking Participants
Massachusetts, US	70		7.8	579	5.8	—		†		30	7.9	554	9.5	—		†		‡		†	‡	†	—		†
Dubai, UAE¹	60		0.4	466	4.0	—		†		37	0.4	456	6.0	—		†		4		0.3	435	5.6	—		†
Alberta, Canada	58		4.4	552	4.5	—		†		39	4.3	533	4.3	—		†		‡		†	492	18.7	—		†
Minnesota, US	54		9.4	561	10.9	—		†		46	9.4	548	9.5	—		†		#		†	‡	†	—		†
British Columbia, Canada	45		4.6	548	5.2	—		†		49	4.3	530	3.7	—		†		6	!	1.8	504	9.8	—		†

Ontario, Canada	41		5.0	548	4.9	‡		†		50	5.1	533	4.9	‡		†		9		2.3	496	15.0	‡		†
Quebec, Canada	17		3.1	532	5.1	‡		†		82	3.3	514	3.3	12	!	5.1	∆	‡		†	‡	†	‡		†
— Not available.
† Not applicable.
# Rounds to zero.
! Interpret data with caution, estimates are unstable. The coefficient of variation is greater than or equal to .3 but less than .5.
‡ Reporting standards not met. Either data are insufficient to report achievement or the coefficient of variation is greater than or equal to .5.
∆ 2007 percent significantly higher at the p<0.05 level.
▼ 2007 percent significantly lower at the p<0.05 level.
¹ Indicates data are available for at least 70 percent but less than 85 percent of the students.
NOTE: Index of principals' perception of school climate (PPSC) based on principals’ responses to eight questions about their schools: teachers' job satisfaction; teachers' understanding of the school's curricular goals; teachers' degree of success in implementing the school's curriculum; teachers' expectations for student achievement; parental support for student achievement; parental involvement in school activities; students' regard for school property; and students' desire to do well in school. Average is computed based on a 5-point scale: 1 = very high; 2 = high; 3 = medium; 4 = low; and 5 = very low. High level indicates average is less than or equal to 2. Medium level indicates that average is greater than 2 and less or equal to .3. Low level indicates average is greater than 3. The primary education systems of the Russian Federation and Slovenia underwent structural changes. (In 2001, the Russian Federation sample contained both third- and fourth-grade students; in 2006, however, all students were in fourth grade. Slovenia is in transition towards having all children begin school at an earlier age so that instead of having three years of primary schooling, as was the case in 2001, they all will have four years. This transition was not complete in 2006, however.) Standard error is noted by s.e. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding.
SOURCE: Data from the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA), Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), 2007. Mullis, I.V.S., Martin, M.O., and Foy, P. (2008). TIMSS 2007 International Science Report: Findings from IEA's Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study at the Fourth and Eighth Grades, exhibit 8.12. Chestnut Hill, MA: Boston College.