| Education system | 2000 | 2003 | 2006 | 2009 | 2012 | 2015 | 2018 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albania1 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||
| Algeria | ● | ||||||
| Argentina1,2 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |
| Australia | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Austria | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Azerbaijan | ● | ● | |||||
| Baku City-Azerbaijan | ● | ||||||
| Belarus | ● | ||||||
| Belgium | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | ● | ||||||
| Brazil | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Brunei Darussalam | ● | ||||||
| B-S-J-G-China3 | ● | ||||||
| B-S-J-Z-China4 | ● | ||||||
| Buenos Aires-Argentina | ● | ||||||
| Bulgaria1 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |
| Canada | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Chile1 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |
| Chinese Taipei | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||
| Colombia | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||
| Costa Rica5 | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
| Croatia | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||
| Cyprus | ● | ● | ● | ||||
| Czech Republic | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Denmark | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Dominican Republic | ● | ● | |||||
| Dubai-United Arab Emirates | ● | ||||||
| Estonia | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||
| Finland | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| France | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Georgia5 | ● | ● | ● | ||||
| Germany | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Greece | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Himachal Pradesh-India5 | ● | ● | |||||
| Hong Kong-China1 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Hungary | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Iceland | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Indonesia1 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Ireland | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Israel1 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |
| Italy | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Japan | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Jordan | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||
| Kazakhstan2 | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
| Korea, Republic of | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Kosovo | ● | ● | |||||
| Kyrgyz Republic | ● | ● | |||||
| Latvia | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Lebanon | ● | ● | |||||
| Liechtenstein | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||
| Lithuania | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||
| Luxembourg | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Macao-China | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |
| Macedonia, Republic of1 | ● | ● | ● | ||||
| Malaysia2,5 | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
| Malta5 | ● | ● | ● | ||||
| Mauritius5 | ● | ||||||
| Mexico | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Miranda-Venezuela5 | ● | ||||||
| Moldova, Republic of5 | ● | ● | ● | ||||
| Montenegro, Republic of | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||
| Morocco | ● | ||||||
| Netherlands | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| New Zealand | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| North Macedonia1 | ● | ● | |||||
| Norway | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Panama | ● | ● | |||||
| Peru1 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||
| Philippines | ● | ||||||
| Poland | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Portugal | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Qatar | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||
| Romania1 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |
| Russian Federation | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Saudi Arabia | ● | ||||||
| Serbia | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
| Serbia and Montenegro6 | ● | ||||||
| Shanghai-China | ● | ● | |||||
| Singapore | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
| Slovak Republic | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |
| Slovenia | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||
| Spain | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Sweden | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Switzerland | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Tamil Nadu-India5 | ● | ||||||
| Thailand1 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Trinidad and Tobago | ● | ● | |||||
| Tunisia | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||
| Turkey | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |
| Ukraine | ● | ||||||
| United Arab Emirates5 | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
| United Kingdom | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| United States | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Uruguay | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |
| Vietnam2 | ● | ● | ● | ||||
| Total | 43 | 41 | 57 | 75 | 65 | 73 | 79 |
| U.S. states and jurisdictions | |||||||
| Connecticut | ● | ||||||
| Florida | ● | ||||||
| Massachusetts | ● | ● | |||||
| North Carolina | ● | ||||||
| Puerto Rico | ● | ||||||
| Total | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 |
NOTE: Countries are bolded if they were OECD members as of 2018. Subnational education systems are italicized.
SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2015, and 2018.