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| 2021 Tables and Figures | All Years of Tables and Figures | Most Recent Full Issue of the Digest |
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| Table 102.40. | Poverty rates for all persons and poverty status of related children under age 18, by region and state: Selected years, 1990 through 2019 |
| [Standard errors appear in parentheses] | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region and state | Percent of persons in poverty | Poverty status of related children1 under age 18 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 19902 | 20003 | 20104 | 20154 | 20194 | 1990,2 percent in poverty | 2000,3 percent in poverty | 2010,4 percent in poverty | 20154 | 20194 | |||||||||||||
| Number in poverty (in thousands) | Percent in poverty | Number in poverty (in thousands) | Percent in poverty | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | ||||||||||
| United States | 13.1 | 12.4 | 14.9 | (0.06) | 14.3 | (0.06) | 12.1 | (0.06) | 17.9 | (0.02) | 16.1 | (0.01) | 21.1 | (0.13) | 14,652 | (109.9) | 20.3 | (0.15) | 11,622 | (93.7) | 16.3 | (0.13) |
| Region | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Northeast | 10.6 | 11.4 | 12.5 | (0.09) | 12.5 | (0.09) | 11.0 | (0.09) | 14.3 | (0.54) | 14.3 | (0.39) | 17.4 | (0.20) | 2,057 | (25.4) | 17.7 | (0.22) | 1,662 | (25.8) | 14.8 | (0.23) |
| Midwest | 12.0 | 10.2 | 16.5 | (0.08) | 15.6 | (0.09) | 13.4 | (0.08) | 14.9 | (0.58) | 12.0 | (0.37) | 23.8 | (0.18) | 6,291 | (58.7) | 22.7 | (0.21) | 5,190 | (53.3) | 18.6 | (0.19) |
| South | 15.7 | 13.9 | 14.1 | (0.10) | 13.5 | (0.12) | 11.5 | (0.09) | 20.5 | (0.90) | 17.6 | (0.64) | 20.0 | (0.24) | 2,878 | (41.4) | 18.8 | (0.27) | 2,240 | (31.3) | 15.0 | (0.20) |
| West | 12.6 | 13.0 | 15.0 | (0.09) | 14.4 | (0.09) | 11.3 | (0.09) | 16.2 | (0.79) | 16.2 | (0.54) | 20.6 | (0.19) | 3,425 | (32.6) | 19.6 | (0.18) | 2,529 | (34.8) | 14.6 | (0.20) |
Alabama |
18.3 | 16.1 | 18.6 | (0.39) | 18.4 | (0.37) | 15.3 | (0.36) | 24.0 | (0.14) | 21.2 | (0.10) | 27.6 | (0.86) | 285 | (8.7) | 26.2 | (0.79) | 219 | (8.7) | 20.5 | (0.81) |
| Alaska | 9.0 | 9.4 | 10.6 | (0.75) | 9.9 | (0.95) | 10.6 | (0.95) | 10.9 | (0.24) | 11.2 | (0.16) | 13.5 | (1.32) | 27 | (3.7) | 14.7 | (2.03) | 21 | (3.3) | 12.3 | (1.90) |
| Arizona | 15.7 | 13.9 | 17.1 | (0.35) | 16.9 | (0.31) | 13.2 | (0.30) | 21.7 | (0.13) | 18.8 | (0.10) | 24.0 | (0.74) | 381 | (10.8) | 24.0 | (0.67) | 296 | (11.0) | 18.4 | (0.69) |
| Arkansas | 19.1 | 15.8 | 18.2 | (0.41) | 18.8 | (0.44) | 16.4 | (0.44) | 25.0 | (0.17) | 21.4 | (0.11) | 26.6 | (1.00) | 185 | (6.7) | 26.9 | (0.97) | 154 | (6.3) | 22.7 | (0.93) |
| California | 12.5 | 14.2 | 15.4 | (0.13) | 15.0 | (0.12) | 11.5 | (0.12) | 17.8 | (0.05) | 19.0 | (0.04) | 21.5 | (0.28) | 1,866 | (25.4) | 20.9 | (0.28) | 1,330 | (23.7) | 15.3 | (0.27) |
Colorado |
11.7 | 9.3 | 12.8 | (0.33) | 11.3 | (0.26) | 9.2 | (0.24) | 15.0 | (0.11) | 10.8 | (0.07) | 16.6 | (0.71) | 177 | (7.2) | 14.3 | (0.58) | 125 | (6.8) | 10.2 | (0.55) |
| Connecticut | 6.8 | 7.9 | 9.6 | (0.30) | 9.9 | (0.33) | 10.0 | (0.25) | 10.4 | (0.13) | 10.0 | (0.09) | 12.3 | (0.63) | 100 | (5.6) | 13.4 | (0.76) | 100 | (5.2) | 14.1 | (0.73) |
| Delaware | 8.7 | 9.2 | 11.7 | (0.73) | 13.1 | (0.87) | 10.8 | (0.77) | 11.7 | (0.23) | 11.9 | (0.20) | 18.2 | (1.59) | 42 | (4.4) | 21.0 | (2.19) | 30 | (3.8) | 15.2 | (1.94) |
| District of Columbia | 16.9 | 20.2 | 18.3 | (0.87) | 15.5 | (0.76) | 13.6 | (0.86) | 25.0 | (0.49) | 31.1 | (0.37) | 29.3 | (2.58) | 29 | (2.6) | 25.4 | (2.21) | 26 | (3.0) | 20.5 | (2.39) |
| Florida | 12.7 | 12.5 | 16.2 | (0.16) | 15.3 | (0.16) | 12.5 | (0.18) | 18.3 | (0.09) | 17.2 | (0.06) | 23.2 | (0.40) | 917 | (17.5) | 22.9 | (0.43) | 724 | (18.7) | 17.5 | (0.45) |
Georgia |
14.7 | 13.0 | 17.4 | (0.27) | 16.6 | (0.22) | 13.3 | (0.22) | 19.8 | (0.12) | 16.7 | (0.07) | 24.4 | (0.46) | 590 | (12.3) | 24.0 | (0.50) | 455 | (13.6) | 18.6 | (0.55) |
| Hawaii | 8.3 | 10.7 | 10.1 | (0.50) | 10.4 | (0.52) | 9.2 | (0.60) | 11.1 | (0.21) | 13.5 | (0.16) | 12.5 | (1.29) | 41 | (3.8) | 13.4 | (1.24) | 34 | (3.9) | 11.8 | (1.33) |
| Idaho | 13.3 | 11.8 | 15.0 | (0.50) | 13.8 | (0.63) | 10.9 | (0.53) | 15.8 | (0.21) | 13.8 | (0.13) | 17.5 | (0.96) | 66 | (4.9) | 15.6 | (1.16) | 56 | (5.1) | 12.7 | (1.16) |
| Illinois | 11.9 | 10.7 | 13.6 | (0.19) | 13.4 | (0.21) | 11.2 | (0.20) | 16.8 | (0.07) | 14.0 | (0.04) | 19.4 | (0.41) | 560 | (14.7) | 19.3 | (0.50) | 418 | (12.3) | 15.1 | (0.45) |
| Indiana | 10.7 | 9.5 | 14.9 | (0.28) | 14.6 | (0.29) | 12.0 | (0.29) | 13.9 | (0.09) | 11.7 | (0.08) | 21.7 | (0.63) | 332 | (10.8) | 21.6 | (0.70) | 235 | (8.9) | 15.5 | (0.58) |
Iowa |
11.5 | 9.1 | 12.3 | (0.41) | 12.5 | (0.47) | 11.2 | (0.44) | 14.0 | (0.13) | 10.5 | (0.08) | 16.7 | (0.94) | 111 | (7.5) | 15.7 | (1.07) | 93 | (6.5) | 13.1 | (0.91) |
| Kansas | 11.5 | 9.9 | 12.7 | (0.42) | 12.6 | (0.40) | 11.3 | (0.40) | 13.9 | (0.13) | 11.5 | (0.09) | 17.4 | (0.94) | 123 | (6.2) | 17.5 | (0.85) | 100 | (5.9) | 14.7 | (0.87) |
| Kentucky | 19.0 | 15.8 | 18.1 | (0.32) | 17.6 | (0.32) | 15.9 | (0.40) | 24.5 | (0.14) | 20.4 | (0.09) | 25.4 | (0.76) | 245 | (7.7) | 25.0 | (0.77) | 197 | (9.1) | 20.3 | (0.92) |
| Louisiana | 23.6 | 19.6 | 17.9 | (0.31) | 18.8 | (0.43) | 18.6 | (0.41) | 31.2 | (0.16) | 26.3 | (0.10) | 26.9 | (0.68) | 303 | (10.3) | 27.6 | (0.94) | 280 | (9.9) | 26.3 | (0.93) |
| Maine | 10.8 | 10.9 | 13.3 | (0.58) | 12.5 | (0.56) | 10.3 | (0.51) | 13.2 | (0.18) | 13.0 | (0.14) | 18.3 | (1.28) | 35 | (2.8) | 14.3 | (1.12) | 29 | (3.3) | 12.4 | (1.39) |
Maryland |
8.3 | 8.5 | 9.8 | (0.25) | 9.8 | (0.28) | 8.8 | (0.24) | 10.9 | (0.10) | 10.3 | (0.08) | 12.8 | (0.51) | 173 | (8.5) | 13.2 | (0.64) | 150 | (8.0) | 11.5 | (0.62) |
| Massachusetts | 8.9 | 9.3 | 11.0 | (0.25) | 10.9 | (0.22) | 9.2 | (0.18) | 12.9 | (0.10) | 11.6 | (0.07) | 13.7 | (0.55) | 194 | (7.1) | 14.2 | (0.52) | 149 | (6.7) | 11.3 | (0.50) |
| Michigan | 13.1 | 10.5 | 16.2 | (0.24) | 15.5 | (0.28) | 12.9 | (0.24) | 18.2 | (0.08) | 13.4 | (0.05) | 22.5 | (0.52) | 472 | (13.3) | 22.0 | (0.62) | 358 | (13.0) | 17.1 | (0.62) |
| Minnesota | 10.2 | 7.9 | 11.1 | (0.32) | 9.7 | (0.26) | 8.7 | (0.30) | 12.4 | (0.09) | 9.2 | (0.06) | 14.6 | (0.72) | 153 | (7.9) | 12.2 | (0.62) | 136 | (9.4) | 10.7 | (0.74) |
| Mississippi | 25.2 | 19.9 | 21.5 | (0.51) | 21.1 | (0.51) | 19.4 | (0.51) | 33.5 | (0.18) | 26.7 | (0.11) | 31.7 | (1.05) | 224 | (7.7) | 31.2 | (1.07) | 188 | (7.9) | 27.5 | (1.14) |
Missouri |
13.3 | 11.7 | 15.1 | (0.28) | 14.2 | (0.28) | 12.4 | (0.31) | 17.4 | (0.10) | 15.3 | (0.07) | 20.6 | (0.59) | 266 | (10.5) | 19.6 | (0.77) | 212 | (9.7) | 16.0 | (0.72) |
| Montana | 16.1 | 14.6 | 14.1 | (0.70) | 14.2 | (0.70) | 12.8 | (0.70) | 19.9 | (0.27) | 18.4 | (0.18) | 19.8 | (1.43) | 41 | (3.9) | 18.5 | (1.74) | 36 | (3.9) | 16.5 | (1.73) |
| Nebraska | 11.1 | 9.7 | 12.7 | (0.56) | 12.2 | (0.43) | 10.2 | (0.53) | 13.5 | (0.16) | 11.8 | (0.11) | 18.2 | (1.32) | 71 | (4.2) | 15.4 | (0.91) | 49 | (4.3) | 10.6 | (0.93) |
| Nevada | 10.2 | 10.5 | 14.9 | (0.49) | 14.7 | (0.46) | 12.9 | (0.44) | 12.8 | (0.22) | 13.5 | (0.14) | 21.7 | (0.97) | 136 | (7.3) | 20.8 | (1.11) | 119 | (6.6) | 17.6 | (0.98) |
| New Hampshire | 6.4 | 6.5 | 8.0 | (0.44) | 7.7 | (0.49) | 7.3 | (0.41) | 7.0 | (0.14) | 7.3 | (0.11) | 9.8 | (1.09) | 26 | (3.0) | 9.9 | (1.16) | 17 | (2.2) | 6.9 | (0.88) |
New Jersey |
7.6 | 8.5 | 10.0 | (0.22) | 10.4 | (0.22) | 8.9 | (0.20) | 11.0 | (0.08) | 10.8 | (0.06) | 14.0 | (0.45) | 293 | (10.9) | 14.9 | (0.55) | 228 | (8.6) | 12.0 | (0.45) |
| New Mexico | 20.6 | 18.4 | 19.9 | (0.65) | 20.4 | (0.66) | 17.5 | (0.57) | 27.5 | (0.21) | 24.6 | (0.15) | 29.5 | (1.22) | 150 | (7.0) | 30.5 | (1.38) | 108 | (6.1) | 23.3 | (1.33) |
| New York | 13.0 | 14.6 | 14.6 | (0.19) | 14.8 | (0.17) | 12.5 | (0.17) | 18.8 | (0.07) | 19.6 | (0.05) | 21.1 | (0.36) | 879 | (17.8) | 21.4 | (0.43) | 675 | (16.2) | 17.3 | (0.41) |
| North Carolina | 13.0 | 12.3 | 16.8 | (0.24) | 16.2 | (0.23) | 13.3 | (0.23) | 16.9 | (0.09) | 15.7 | (0.06) | 24.1 | (0.52) | 532 | (11.7) | 23.7 | (0.51) | 417 | (12.0) | 18.6 | (0.54) |
| North Dakota | 14.4 | 11.9 | 11.8 | (0.77) | 11.3 | (0.57) | 10.6 | (0.77) | 16.9 | (0.26) | 13.5 | (0.15) | 14.2 | (1.92) | 19 | (2.2) | 11.0 | (1.28) | 17 | (2.8) | 9.9 | (1.63) |
Ohio |
12.5 | 10.6 | 15.4 | (0.21) | 14.5 | (0.21) | 12.8 | (0.23) | 17.6 | (0.07) | 14.0 | (0.05) | 22.9 | (0.48) | 552 | (13.3) | 21.5 | (0.51) | 447 | (13.4) | 17.8 | (0.53) |
| Oklahoma | 16.7 | 14.7 | 16.5 | (0.39) | 15.7 | (0.38) | 15.3 | (0.35) | 21.4 | (0.14) | 19.1 | (0.09) | 24.9 | (0.98) | 207 | (8.3) | 22.1 | (0.88) | 184 | (7.1) | 19.8 | (0.75) |
| Oregon | 12.4 | 11.6 | 15.6 | (0.34) | 14.8 | (0.40) | 11.2 | (0.31) | 15.2 | (0.13) | 14.0 | (0.09) | 21.0 | (0.77) | 165 | (7.9) | 19.7 | (0.95) | 111 | (7.1) | 13.2 | (0.84) |
| Pennsylvania | 11.1 | 11.0 | 12.8 | (0.18) | 12.5 | (0.21) | 11.9 | (0.22) | 15.4 | (0.07) | 14.3 | (0.05) | 18.2 | (0.44) | 480 | (13.2) | 18.3 | (0.49) | 429 | (15.3) | 16.7 | (0.59) |
| Rhode Island | 9.6 | 11.9 | 14.0 | (0.59) | 13.1 | (0.61) | 10.4 | (0.72) | 13.5 | (0.26) | 16.5 | (0.22) | 19.7 | (1.49) | 38 | (3.3) | 18.5 | (1.56) | 25 | (3.6) | 12.5 | (1.79) |
South Carolina |
15.4 | 14.1 | 17.6 | (0.33) | 16.0 | (0.32) | 13.6 | (0.32) | 20.8 | (0.16) | 18.5 | (0.10) | 25.5 | (0.73) | 245 | (7.6) | 23.1 | (0.70) | 205 | (7.6) | 18.9 | (0.70) |
| South Dakota | 15.9 | 13.2 | 14.4 | (0.89) | 12.5 | (0.69) | 10.4 | (0.72) | 20.1 | (0.28) | 16.7 | (0.19) | 18.7 | (1.97) | 29 | (3.2) | 14.0 | (1.51) | 28 | (3.8) | 13.7 | (1.79) |
| Tennessee | 15.7 | 13.5 | 17.2 | (0.30) | 16.4 | (0.31) | 13.7 | (0.27) | 20.7 | (0.12) | 17.6 | (0.09) | 25.3 | (0.67) | 351 | (10.9) | 24.0 | (0.74) | 288 | (10.1) | 19.6 | (0.67) |
| Texas | 18.1 | 15.4 | 17.3 | (0.16) | 15.4 | (0.17) | 13.5 | (0.15) | 24.0 | (0.08) | 20.2 | (0.05) | 25.2 | (0.31) | 1,591 | (25.1) | 22.4 | (0.35) | 1,374 | (23.6) | 18.9 | (0.32) |
| Utah | 11.4 | 9.4 | 13.1 | (0.46) | 11.2 | (0.43) | 9.2 | (0.31) | 12.2 | (0.14) | 9.7 | (0.08) | 15.8 | (0.87) | 115 | (6.9) | 12.8 | (0.77) | 92 | (5.1) | 10.0 | (0.56) |
Vermont |
9.9 | 9.4 | 11.4 | (0.76) | 9.2 | (0.84) | 9.9 | (0.72) | 11.5 | (0.23) | 10.7 | (0.15) | 14.8 | (2.12) | 14 | (2.5) | 11.7 | (2.16) | 10 | (1.9) | 8.8 | (1.75) |
| Virginia | 10.2 | 9.6 | 11.0 | (0.18) | 11.0 | (0.22) | 9.7 | (0.19) | 13.0 | (0.10) | 11.9 | (0.07) | 15.0 | (0.42) | 279 | (8.7) | 15.2 | (0.47) | 233 | (8.6) | 12.8 | (0.47) |
| Washington | 10.9 | 10.6 | 13.2 | (0.27) | 12.4 | (0.25) | 9.4 | (0.22) | 14.0 | (0.09) | 13.2 | (0.08) | 17.8 | (0.58) | 248 | (9.8) | 15.8 | (0.62) | 188 | (7.3) | 11.6 | (0.45) |
| West Virginia | 19.7 | 17.9 | 17.9 | (0.54) | 17.3 | (0.55) | 15.6 | (0.53) | 25.9 | (0.21) | 23.9 | (0.15) | 25.9 | (1.37) | 93 | (5.4) | 25.3 | (1.44) | 66 | (4.4) | 18.9 | (1.26) |
| Wisconsin | 10.7 | 8.7 | 12.7 | (0.31) | 11.3 | (0.34) | 9.5 | (0.28) | 14.6 | (0.09) | 10.8 | (0.07) | 18.1 | (0.76) | 191 | (10.0) | 15.2 | (0.79) | 146 | (8.2) | 11.8 | (0.66) |
| Wyoming | 11.9 | 11.4 | 10.4 | (0.80) | 9.9 | (0.80) | 9.8 | (0.62) | 14.1 | (0.30) | 13.8 | (0.22) | 13.4 | (1.69) | 15 | (2.5) | 10.9 | (1.81) | 13 | (1.8) | 9.7 | (1.32) |
| 1 Related children in a family include all children in the household who are related to the householder by birth, marriage, or adoption (except a child who is the spouse of the householder). The householder is the person (or one of the people) who owns or rents (maintains) the housing unit. This table excludes unrelated children and householders who are themselves under the age of 18. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 Based on 1989 incomes and family sizes collected in the 1990 census. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 Based on 1999 incomes and family sizes collected in the 2000 census. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 Based on income and family size data from the American Community Survey (ACS). ACS respondents were interviewed throughout the given year and reported the income they received during the previous 12 months. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| NOTE: Data are based on sample surveys of the noninstitutionalized population living in households. Beginning with 2010, data are also available for persons living in group quarters—both noninstitutionalized (e.g., college housing or military barracks) and institutionalized (e.g., prisons or nursing facilities); however, group quarters data are excluded from this table to ensure comparability across years. Poverty status is determined by the Census Bureau using a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition. For additional information about poverty status, see https://www.census.gov/topics/income-poverty/poverty/guidance/poverty-measures.html. Poverty estimates in this table may differ from table 102.50's official national poverty estimates, which are based on a different data source (the Current Population Survey). Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, 1990 Summary Tape File 3 (STF 3), "Median Household Income in 1989" and "Poverty Status in 1989 by Family Type and Age"; Decennial Census, 1990, Minority Economic Profiles, unpublished data; Decennial Census, 2000, Summary Social, Economic, and Housing Characteristics; Census 2000 Summary File 4 (SF 4), "Poverty Status in 1999 of Related Children Under 18 Years by Family Type and Age"; and American Community Survey (ACS), 2010, 2015, and 2019. (This table was prepared October 2020.) |
