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| 2019 Tables and Figures | All Years of Tables and Figures | Most Recent Full Issue of the Digest |
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| Table 202.40 | Child care arrangements of 3- to 5-year-old children who are not yet in kindergarten, by age and race/ethnicity: Selected years, 1991 through 2016 |
| [Standard errors appear in parentheses] | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year, age, and race/ethnicity | Total children | Percent with any nonparental care1 | Percent participating in specific types of nonparental arrangements2 | Percent with parental care only | |||||||||||||||||
| Number (in thousands) | Percentage distribution | Relative care | Nonrelative care | Center based programs3 | |||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | ||||||||||||||
| 1991 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 8,402 | (40.9) | 100.0 | (†) | 69.0 | (0.80) | 16.9 | (0.60) | 14.8 | (0.56) | 52.8 | (0.89) | 31.0 | (0.80) | |||||||
| Age | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 years old | 3,733 | (7.1) | 44.4 | (0.21) | 62.2 | (1.19) | 16.2 | (0.72) | 14.8 | (0.76) | 42.3 | (1.44) | 37.8 | (1.19) | |||||||
| 4 years old | 3,627 | (14.6) | 43.2 | (0.24) | 74.0 | (1.05) | 18.0 | (0.85) | 14.7 | (0.79) | 60.4 | (1.04) | 26.0 | (1.05) | |||||||
| 5 years old | 1,042 | (38.6) | 12.4 | (0.40) | 75.7 | (2.10) | 15.6 | (1.34) | 14.9 | (1.81) | 63.9 | (2.12) | 24.3 | (2.10) | |||||||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||||||||||||
| White | 5,850 | (59.9) | 69.6 | (0.67) | 69.4 | (0.87) | 14.8 | (0.66) | 17.3 | (0.76) | 54.0 | (0.95) | 30.6 | (0.87) | |||||||
| Black | 1,236 | (41.0) | 14.7 | (0.47) | 75.2 | (2.02) | 24.1 | (2.09) | 7.9 | (1.20) | 58.3 | (2.49) | 24.8 | (2.02) | |||||||
| Hispanic | 999 | (31.3) | 11.9 | (0.37) | 59.3 | (2.35) | 19.6 | (2.08) | 9.4 | (1.27) | 38.8 | (2.20) | 40.7 | (2.35) | |||||||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 147 | (19.0) | 1.7 | (0.23) | 73.5 | (4.94) | 22.5 | (4.03) | 11.2 | (3.19) | 56.4 | (5.76) | 26.5 | (4.94) | |||||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 88 | (26.4) | 1.1 | (0.31) | 56.2 | (11.99) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | 43.4 | (9.04) | 43.8 | (11.99) | |||||||
| Two or more races | 82 | (11.0) | 1.0 | (0.13) | 67.7 | (7.03) | 10.9 | ! | (3.84) | 18.4 | (5.31) | 56.9 | (6.90) | 32.3 | (7.03) | ||||||
| 1995 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 9,222 | (52.9) | 100.0 | (†) | 74.1 | (1.01) | 19.4 | (0.64) | 16.9 | (0.84) | 55.1 | (0.97) | 25.9 | (1.01) | |||||||
| Age | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 years old | 4,123 | (8.3) | 44.7 | (0.25) | 68.0 | (1.95) | 21.4 | (1.23) | 18.5 | (1.35) | 40.7 | (1.55) | 32.0 | (1.95) | |||||||
| 4 years old | 4,061 | (12.5) | 44.0 | (0.24) | 77.9 | (1.24) | 18.4 | (0.95) | 15.3 | (1.03) | 64.8 | (1.45) | 22.1 | (1.24) | |||||||
| 5 years old | 1,038 | (48.3) | 11.3 | (0.46) | 83.8 | (1.78) | 15.2 | (2.14) | 17.2 | (2.19) | 74.5 | (2.35) | 16.2 | (1.78) | |||||||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||||||||||||
| White | 6,334 | (94.0) | 68.7 | (0.94) | 74.8 | (1.39) | 16.5 | (0.84) | 19.4 | (1.04) | 56.9 | (1.44) | 25.2 | (1.39) | |||||||
| Black | 1,389 | (56.1) | 15.1 | (0.60) | 80.1 | (2.50) | 28.7 | (2.78) | 11.3 | (1.65) | 59.8 | (3.19) | 19.9 | (2.50) | |||||||
| Hispanic | 1,042 | (38.8) | 11.3 | (0.42) | 61.6 | (2.33) | 22.8 | (2.01) | 12.5 | (1.64) | 37.4 | (2.15) | 38.4 | (2.33) | |||||||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 208 | (25.0) | 2.3 | (0.27) | 80.1 | (4.78) | 24.3 | (5.61) | 8.8 | ! | (3.96) | 59.4 | (6.51) | 19.9 | (4.78) | ||||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | ‡ | (†) | 0.7 | (0.15) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | |||||||
| Two or more races | 188 | (27.6) | 2.0 | (0.30) | 72.5 | (6.12) | 18.3 | (4.89) | 14.8 | ! | (4.47) | 55.1 | (7.52) | 27.5 | (6.12) | ||||||
| 1999 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 8,518 | (14.0) | 100.0 | (†) | 76.9 | (0.72) | 22.8 | (0.77) | 16.1 | (0.67) | 59.7 | (0.63) | 23.1 | (0.72) | |||||||
| Age | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 years old | 3,809 | (79.1) | 44.7 | (0.93) | 69.2 | (1.42) | 24.3 | (1.28) | 16.3 | (1.02) | 45.7 | (1.28) | 30.8 | (1.42) | |||||||
| 4 years old | 3,703 | (79.9) | 43.5 | (0.93) | 82.3 | (0.99) | 22.0 | (1.14) | 15.9 | (1.07) | 69.6 | (1.19) | 17.7 | (0.99) | |||||||
| 5 years old | 1,006 | (54.2) | 11.8 | (0.64) | 86.5 | (1.78) | 20.2 | (2.06) | 16.1 | (2.08) | 76.5 | (2.40) | 13.5 | (1.78) | |||||||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||||||||||||
| White | 5,384 | (77.4) | 63.2 | (0.91) | 76.8 | (0.91) | 18.7 | (0.90) | 19.4 | (0.88) | 60.0 | (0.81) | 23.2 | (0.91) | |||||||
| Black | 1,214 | (59.2) | 14.2 | (0.69) | 86.3 | (1.97) | 33.4 | (2.58) | 7.4 | (1.37) | 73.2 | (2.40) | 13.7 | (1.97) | |||||||
| Hispanic | 1,376 | (52.3) | 16.2 | (0.61) | 66.6 | (2.04) | 26.5 | (1.86) | 12.7 | (1.29) | 44.2 | (2.19) | 33.4 | (2.04) | |||||||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 204 | (25.5) | 2.4 | (0.30) | 84.0 | (5.25) | 22.5 | ! | (6.85) | 9.1 | ! | (3.95) | 61.1 | (7.05) | 16.0 | ! | (5.25) | ||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | ‡ | (†) | 0.8 | (0.21) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | |||||||
| Two or more races | 270 | (26.9) | 3.2 | (0.32) | 83.8 | (3.91) | 31.7 | (5.56) | 11.7 | (2.85) | 67.8 | (4.62) | 16.2 | (3.91) | |||||||
| 2001 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 8,551 | (11.0) | 100.0 | (†) | 73.9 | (0.67) | 22.8 | (0.89) | 14.0 | (0.65) | 56.4 | (0.55) | 26.1 | (0.67) | |||||||
| Age | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 years old | 3,795 | (91.4) | 44.4 | (1.06) | 66.2 | (1.29) | 23.6 | (1.39) | 14.7 | (1.17) | 42.8 | (1.21) | 33.8 | (1.29) | |||||||
| 4 years old | 3,861 | (89.0) | 45.1 | (1.04) | 79.6 | (1.11) | 22.5 | (1.33) | 13.6 | (0.95) | 65.9 | (1.25) | 20.4 | (1.11) | |||||||
| 5 years old | 896 | (47.0) | 10.5 | (0.55) | 82.0 | (2.49) | 20.9 | (2.66) | 13.1 | (2.13) | 73.0 | (2.69) | 18.0 | (2.49) | |||||||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||||||||||||
| White | 5,313 | (68.0) | 62.1 | (0.79) | 74.7 | (0.99) | 19.6 | (1.01) | 16.5 | (0.98) | 59.1 | (0.89) | 25.3 | (0.99) | |||||||
| Black | 1,251 | (55.1) | 14.6 | (0.64) | 84.9 | (2.22) | 36.7 | (3.42) | 8.5 | (1.65) | 63.1 | (2.93) | 15.1 | (2.22) | |||||||
| Hispanic | 1,506 | (43.5) | 17.6 | (0.51) | 61.0 | (2.03) | 22.8 | (1.89) | 11.3 | (1.43) | 39.9 | (1.86) | 39.0 | (2.03) | |||||||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 202 | (29.0) | 2.4 | (0.34) | 69.9 | (7.18) | 19.6 | (4.42) | ‡ | (†) | 63.4 | (7.13) | 30.1 | (7.18) | |||||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | ‡ | (†) | 0.5 | (0.14) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | |||||||
| Two or more races | 240 | (26.9) | 2.8 | (0.31) | 82.2 | (4.52) | 20.5 | (4.77) | 14.9 | ! | (4.65) | 63.9 | (5.36) | 17.8 | (4.52) | ||||||
| 2005 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 9,066 | (9.0) | 100.0 | (†) | 73.7 | (0.92) | 22.6 | (1.02) | 11.6 | (0.73) | 57.2 | (0.83) | 26.3 | (0.92) | |||||||
| Age | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 years old | 4,070 | (93.0) | 44.9 | (1.03) | 66.6 | (1.48) | 24.0 | (1.44) | 14.4 | (1.12) | 42.5 | (1.67) | 33.4 | (1.48) | |||||||
| 4 years old | 3,873 | (92.0) | 42.7 | (1.01) | 79.4 | (1.42) | 20.8 | (1.56) | 9.2 | (1.03) | 69.2 | (1.36) | 20.6 | (1.42) | |||||||
| 5 years old | 1,123 | (67.3) | 12.4 | (0.74) | 79.6 | (3.15) | 23.8 | (3.17) | 9.9 | (2.00) | 68.7 | (3.51) | 20.4 | (3.15) | |||||||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||||||||||||
| White | 5,177 | (80.2) | 57.1 | (0.89) | 75.9 | (1.22) | 21.4 | (1.34) | 15.0 | (1.13) | 59.1 | (1.32) | 24.1 | (1.22) | |||||||
| Black | 1,233 | (57.1) | 13.6 | (0.63) | 80.5 | (2.85) | 25.0 | (3.42) | 5.2 | (1.31) | 66.5 | (3.41) | 19.5 | (2.85) | |||||||
| Hispanic | 1,822 | (50.0) | 20.1 | (0.56) | 62.0 | (2.10) | 22.6 | (1.79) | 8.1 | (1.36) | 43.4 | (2.10) | 38.0 | (2.10) | |||||||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 270 | (31.5) | 3.0 | (0.35) | 80.7 | (4.50) | 16.0 | ! | (4.83) | ‡ | (†) | 73.1 | (5.13) | 19.3 | (4.50) | ||||||
| Asian | 261 | (31.1) | 2.9 | (0.34) | 81.6 | (4.64) | 16.0 | ! | (4.84) | ‡ | (†) | 73.7 | (5.15) | 18.4 | (4.64) | ||||||
| Pacific Islander | ‡ | (†) | 0.1 | ! | (0.05) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ||||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | ‡ | (†) | 0.6 | ! | (0.25) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ||||||
| Two or more races | 513 | (44.0) | 5.7 | (0.49) | 75.4 | (3.82) | 32.7 | (4.65) | 10.4 | (2.70) | 58.3 | (4.42) | 24.6 | (3.82) | |||||||
| 2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 8,244 | (85.1) | 100.0 | (†) | 77.9 | (1.02) | 26.2 | (0.98) | 13.3 | (0.75) | 60.6 | (1.05) | 22.1 | (1.02) | |||||||
| Age | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 years old | 3,674 | (89.8) | 44.6 | (0.97) | 72.7 | (1.32) | 27.9 | (1.45) | 15.4 | (1.09) | 48.8 | (1.47) | 27.3 | (1.32) | |||||||
| 4 years old | 3,508 | (90.4) | 42.5 | (1.01) | 81.8 | (1.62) | 25.1 | (1.44) | 11.0 | (0.88) | 70.6 | (1.57) | 18.2 | (1.62) | |||||||
| 5 years old | 1,062 | (59.6) | 12.9 | (0.72) | 83.1 | (2.32) | 24.6 | (2.72) | 13.9 | (2.41) | 68.3 | (3.48) | 16.9 | (2.32) | |||||||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||||||||||||
| White | 4,062 | (97.4) | 49.3 | (1.12) | 78.7 | (1.41) | 24.0 | (1.17) | 16.1 | (1.20) | 63.0 | (1.54) | 21.3 | (1.41) | |||||||
| Black | 1,154 | (63.4) | 14.0 | (0.75) | 83.5 | (2.97) | 30.2 | (3.23) | 11.4 | (2.18) | 68.0 | (3.10) | 16.5 | (2.97) | |||||||
| Hispanic | 2,100 | (76.1) | 25.5 | (0.84) | 73.7 | (2.24) | 29.3 | (2.12) | 10.8 | (1.16) | 51.5 | (2.12) | 26.3 | (2.24) | |||||||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 420 | (32.7) | 5.1 | (0.38) | 79.3 | (3.78) | 21.3 | (3.47) | 5.9 | (1.58) | 68.0 | (3.95) | 20.7 | (3.78) | |||||||
| Asian | 374 | (30.3) | 4.5 | (0.36) | 81.8 | (3.80) | 19.3 | (3.37) | 6.7 | (1.75) | 71.9 | (3.96) | 18.2 | (3.80) | |||||||
| Pacific Islander | ‡ | (†) | 0.6 | ! | (0.18) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ||||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | ‡ | (†) | 0.6 | ! | (0.20) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ||||||
| Two or more races | 463 | (41.1) | 5.6 | (0.51) | 73.3 | (4.54) | 27.9 | (4.12) | 11.1 | (2.22) | 53.8 | (4.25) | 26.7 | (4.54) | |||||||
| 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 8,087 | (91.1) | 100.0 | (†) | 74.8 | (1.51) | 25.8 | (1.12) | 12.4 | (0.79) | 60.9 | (1.49) | 25.2 | (1.51) | |||||||
| Age | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 years old | 3,404 | (123.0) | 42.1 | (1.40) | 70.5 | (2.37) | 27.7 | (1.94) | 13.7 | (1.22) | 51.5 | (2.28) | 29.5 | (2.37) | |||||||
| 4 years old | 3,379 | (109.8) | 41.8 | (1.32) | 78.4 | (2.56) | 25.4 | (1.83) | 12.8 | (1.20) | 67.0 | (2.41) | 21.6 | (2.56) | |||||||
| 5 years old | 1,303 | (84.9) | 16.1 | (1.04) | 76.5 | (3.45) | 22.1 | (2.89) | 7.9 | (1.54) | 70.1 | (3.88) | 23.5 | (3.45) | |||||||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||||||||||||
| White | 4,003 | (96.8) | 49.5 | (1.19) | 77.0 | (1.86) | 24.7 | (1.62) | 14.7 | (1.02) | 64.2 | (1.80) | 23.0 | (1.86) | |||||||
| Black | 1,086 | (67.4) | 13.4 | (0.80) | 80.0 | (3.65) | 31.0 | (3.65) | 10.0 | (2.39) | 65.9 | (4.33) | 20.0 | (3.65) | |||||||
| Hispanic | 2,133 | (84.9) | 26.4 | (0.99) | 68.6 | (3.56) | 25.2 | (2.48) | 9.6 | (1.68) | 52.3 | (3.47) | 31.4 | (3.56) | |||||||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 400 | (44.7) | 5.0 | (0.55) | 71.7 | (6.32) | 24.9 | (4.11) | 7.6 | ! | (2.35) | 63.4 | (5.68) | 28.3 | (6.32) | ||||||
| Asian | 386 | (43.4) | 4.8 | (0.54) | 72.7 | (6.42) | 25.9 | (4.20) | 7.9 | ! | (2.42) | 64.0 | (5.73) | 27.3 | (6.42) | ||||||
| Pacific Islander | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | |||||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | ‡ | (†) | 0.6 | ! | (0.28) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ||||||
| Two or more races | 418 | (47.8) | 5.2 | (0.58) | 77.6 | (4.55) | 27.4 | (4.81) | 13.8 | ! | (6.03) | 62.3 | (5.67) | 22.4 | (4.55) | ||||||
| † Not applicable. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| ! Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| ‡ Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 The total percentage of children who participated in nonparental arrangements. Counts each child only once, even if the child participated in more than one type of nonparental care. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 Children who participated in more than one type of nonparental arrangement are included in each relevant column. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 Center-based programs include day care centers, nursery schools, prekindergartens, preschools, and Head Start programs. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| NOTE: While National Household Education Surveys Program (NHES) administrations prior to 2012 were administered via telephone with an interviewer, NHES:2012 and NHES:2016 used self-administered paper-and-pencil questionnaires that were mailed to respondents. Measurable differences between estimates for years prior to 2012 and estimates for later years could reflect actual changes in the population, or the changes could be due to the mode change from telephone to mail. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Early Childhood Education Survey, Parent Survey, and Early Childhood Program Participation Survey of the National Household Education Surveys Program (ECE-NHES:1991; Parent-NHES:1999; and ECPP-NHES:1995, 2001, 2005, 2012, and 2016). (This table was prepared April 2018.) |
