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| Table 331.95. | Percentage of undergraduate students ages 18 to 24 in their 4th (senior) year or above who had ever received federal loans, nonfederal loans, or Parent Loans for Undergraduates (PLUS), and the average cumulative amount borrowed, by selected student characteristics and control and level of institution: 1989–90, 1999-2000, and 2011–12 |
| [Standard errors appear in parentheses] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected student characteristic or control and level of institution | 1989–90 | 1999–2000 | 2011–12 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total1 | Federal loans to students2 | Parent PLUS loans4 | Total1 | Federal loans to students2 |
Parent PLUS loans4 | Total1 | Federal loans to students |
Nonfederal loans |
Parent PLUS loans4 | |||||||||||||||
| Stafford loans3 |
Perkins loans |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |||||||||||||
| Percent of students with loans | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 50.4 | (0.82) | 37.8 | (0.75) | 13.0 | (0.64) | 4.1 | (0.22) | 60.0 | (0.66) | 57.8 | (0.69) | 12.1 | (0.50) | 67.7 | (0.74) | 64.3 | (0.71) | 29.0 | (0.73) | 19.9 | (0.70) | ||
| Sex | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Male | 51.6 | (1.24) | 37.8 | (1.17) | 12.6 | (0.75) | 3.7 | (0.29) | 58.2 | (0.90) | 55.6 | (0.92) | 12.2 | (0.54) | 67.2 | (1.14) | 63.4 | (1.10) | 29.2 | (1.09) | 19.9 | (1.07) | ||
| Female | 49.2 | (0.90) | 37.7 | (0.87) | 13.2 | (0.72) | 4.3 | (0.29) | 61.3 | (0.91) | 59.5 | (0.92) | 12.1 | (0.68) | 68.0 | (1.01) | 65.1 | (1.05) | 28.9 | (0.96) | 19.9 | (0.91) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| White | 49.5 | (0.97) | 36.8 | (0.92) | 11.9 | (0.64) | 4.2 | (0.27) | 58.9 | (0.79) | 56.9 | (0.82) | 12.4 | (0.57) | 65.5 | (0.87) | 62.1 | (0.81) | 29.6 | (0.92) | 19.9 | (0.88) | ||
| Black | 68.9 | (2.24) | 57.1 | (2.16) | 23.2 | (2.42) | 7.0 | (1.06) | 76.8 | (2.53) | 74.5 | (2.49) | 15.5 | (1.47) | 90.3 | (1.34) | 88.1 | (1.74) | 31.3 | (3.03) | 30.4 | (2.25) | ||
| Hispanic | 53.5 | (3.52) | 37.9 | (3.00) | 15.7 | (1.68) | 3.3 | (0.78) | 63.1 | (3.21) | 59.1 | (2.66) | 11.1 | (1.56) | 72.3 | (1.93) | 70.2 | (1.98) | 28.4 | (2.19) | 19.3 | (2.06) | ||
| Asian5 | 40.6 | (1.76) | 27.4 | (2.30) | 13.5 | (2.67) | ‡ | (†) | 50.6 | (2.16) | 49.5 | (2.22) | 7.5 | (1.29) | 50.8 | (2.88) | 45.2 | (2.72) | 21.4 | (2.76) | 9.9 | (1.58) | ||
| Pacific Islander | — | (†) | — | (†) | — | (†) | — | (†) | 55.3 | (9.93) | 55.3 | (9.93) | 14.2 | ! | (5.01) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | 46.9 | (9.93) | 38.7 | (9.01) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ||
| Two or more races | — | (†) | — | (†) | — | (†) | — | (†) | 52.1 | (4.84) | 50.6 | (5.09) | 8.1 | ! | (2.52) | 77.9 | (3.68) | 76.4 | (3.84) | 36.1 | (4.68) | 20.2 | (4.44) | |
| Dependency status | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dependent | 47.3 | (0.97) | 35.5 | (0.91) | 11.7 | (0.56) | 4.3 | (0.25) | 59.3 | (0.74) | 57.0 | (0.76) | 13.4 | (0.58) | 66.5 | (0.79) | 63.4 | (0.78) | 29.2 | (0.79) | 21.0 | (0.80) | ||
| Independent | 59.4 | (1.46) | 44.7 | (1.28) | 16.7 | (1.26) | 3.4 | (0.35) | 62.3 | (1.29) | 60.5 | (1.25) | 7.2 | (0.57) | 73.1 | (1.82) | 69.0 | (1.85) | 28.3 | (1.99) | 14.7 | (1.50) | ||
| Public institutions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4-year doctoral | 49.3 | (1.41) | 36.2 | (1.31) | 11.7 | (1.06) | 3.5 | (0.30) | 57.2 | (1.13) | 55.0 | (1.15) | 10.8 | (0.62) | 64.6 | (0.89) | 61.9 | (0.88) | 25.0 | (0.87) | 16.5 | (0.83) | ||
| Other 4-year | 49.4 | (2.05) | 34.3 | (1.93) | 11.3 | (0.76) | 3.5 | (0.52) | 57.3 | (1.75) | 55.9 | (1.77) | 8.7 | (1.32) | 64.9 | (2.05) | 60.1 | (1.96) | 27.1 | (1.94) | 16.5 | (1.55) | ||
| 2-year | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | 42.9 | (6.05) | 40.0 | (5.42) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ||
| Private nonprofit institutions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4-year doctoral | 50.4 | (1.76) | 42.0 | (1.92) | 20.8 | (1.23) | 5.1 | (0.46) | 63.6 | (1.70) | 61.7 | (1.67) | 17.2 | (1.24) | 74.1 | (2.82) | 69.2 | (2.69) | 36.9 | (2.87) | 29.0 | (3.14) | ||
| Other 4-year | 61.9 | (1.81) | 51.4 | (1.56) | 15.4 | (1.67) | 7.2 | (0.73) | 71.7 | (1.89) | 68.8 | (2.00) | 16.5 | (1.64) | 74.2 | (2.69) | 71.8 | (2.73) | 38.2 | (2.28) | 25.9 | (2.16) | ||
| Private for-profit institutions 2-year and above |
‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | 85.2 | (3.96) | 83.8 | (4.11) | 29.5 | (6.01) | 85.4 | (3.16) | 84.3 | (3.43) | 38.0 | (3.73) | 38.6 | (4.07) | ||
| Other and attended multiple institutions |
41.3 | (2.28) | 28.8 | (2.13) | 10.9 | (1.10) | 3.8 | (0.67) | 59.9 | (2.95) | 56.1 | (2.80) | 13.5 | (1.76) | 71.0 | (1.93) | 67.7 | (1.93) | 30.7 | (2.06) | 20.3 | (1.96) | ||
| Average cumulative loan amount for students with loans (constant 2012–13 dollars)6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 14,900 | (320) | 11,600 | (200) | 4,400 | (150) | 8,900 | (260) | 21,500 | (200) | 18,900 | (140) | 19,000 | (750) | 25,900 | (400) | 20,600 | (220) | 14,700 | (730) | 27,700 | (1,230) | ||
| Sex | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Male | 15,400 | (350) | 11,900 | (250) | 4,200 | (210) | 9,500 | (400) | 21,400 | (290) | 19,000 | (180) | 19,700 | (970) | 26,200 | (650) | 20,300 | (310) | 16,200 | (1,240) | 29,000 | (2,090) | ||
| Female | 14,400 | (400) | 11,300 | (220) | 4,500 | (160) | 8,500 | (430) | 21,600 | (290) | 18,800 | (220) | 18,400 | (1,000) | 25,600 | (480) | 20,800 | (300) | 13,400 | (790) | 26,600 | (1,430) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| White | 15,600 | (320) | 11,900 | (250) | 4,300 | (130) | 9,300 | (240) | 21,600 | (260) | 18,800 | (170) | 19,700 | (900) | 25,800 | (480) | 20,000 | (270) | 15,200 | (770) | 28,100 | (1,580) | ||
| Black | 11,900 | (710) | 11,900 | (490) | 5,500 | (610) | ‡ | (†) | 25,000 | (760) | 22,600 | (660) | 14,900 | (1,360) | 30,400 | (1,160) | 26,000 | (660) | 14,700 | (2,180) | 25,800 | (3,260) | ||
| Hispanic | 9,900 | (920) | 9,300 | (500) | 3,600 | (280) | ‡ | (†) | 19,000 | (800) | 16,900 | (620) | 17,800 | (1,760) | 24,700 | (1,080) | 19,900 | (690) | 13,700 | (2,210) | 24,300 | (3,410) | ||
| Asian5 | 13,000 | (830) | 9,400 | (540) | 4,300 | (710) | ‡ | (†) | 19,200 | (560) | 17,700 | (540) | 15,300 | (3,350) | 20,300 | (1,180) | 18,000 | (750) | 10,100 | (1,940) | 28,600 | (3,590) | ||
| Pacific Islander | — | (†) | — | (†) | — | (†) | — | (†) | 18,400 | (2,650) | 16,200 | (1,770) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | 22,300 | (3,740) | 21,800 | (2,910) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ||
| Two or more races | — | (†) | — | (†) | — | (†) | — | (†) | 20,500 | (1,570) | 18,000 | (1,410) | ‡ | (†) | 25,900 | (2,920) | 19,100 | (1,180) | 15,500 | ! | (5,180) | ‡ | (†) | |
| Dependency status | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dependent | 15,300 | (320) | 11,400 | (200) | 4,400 | (170) | 9,100 | (290) | 21,400 | (220) | 18,500 | (150) | 19,700 | (820) | 25,600 | (440) | 20,000 | (230) | 14,900 | (780) | 27,700 | (1,090) | ||
| Independent | 14,100 | (540) | 12,100 | (340) | 4,200 | (180) | 8,000 | (510) | 22,000 | (520) | 20,200 | (460) | 14,600 | (1,220) | 27,000 | (910) | 23,000 | (710) | 13,700 | (1,690) | 28,100 | (6,180) | ||
| Public institutions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4-year doctoral | 13,400 | (520) | 10,900 | (290) | 3,900 | (240) | 9,000 | (410) | 20,500 | (280) | 18,600 | (220) | 16,200 | (840) | 23,600 | (440) | 19,800 | (310) | 12,000 | (670) | 22,600 | (1,080) | ||
| Other 4-year | 10,000 | (400) | 9,200 | (600) | 3,600 | (240) | 7,600 | (570) | 19,400 | (570) | 17,500 | (480) | 12,200 | (700) | 21,300 | (830) | 18,200 | (600) | 10,500 | (1,190) | 19,800 | (1,750) | ||
| 2-year | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ||
| Private nonprofit institutions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4-year doctoral | 23,100 | (440) | 14,000 | (320) | 5,600 | (290) | 9,600 | (540) | 26,500 | (740) | 21,400 | (540) | 27,400 | (1,730) | 30,800 | (1,860) | 22,700 | (700) | 19,500 | (3,130) | 41,700 | (4,870) | ||
| Other 4-year | 19,500 | (960) | 13,400 | (420) | 5,500 | (450) | 9,100 | (680) | 24,700 | (630) | 20,700 | (410) | 23,600 | (2,190) | 32,000 | (1,300) | 22,300 | (590) | 20,100 | (2,320) | 30,200 | (2,110) | ||
| Private for-profit institutions 2-years and above |
‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | 23,600 | (1,940) | 19,400 | (1,950) | ‡ | (†) | 39,600 | (2,020) | 31,700 | (1,250) | 18,600 | (3,440) | 33,600 | (4,070) | ||
| Other and attended multiple institutions |
17,500 | (1,130) | 12,000 | (500) | 4,200 | (310) | ‡ | (†) | 20,000 | (930) | 17,700 | (710) | 17,100 | (1,460) | 26,000 | (940) | 20,100 | (740) | 15,900 | (1,460) | 27,300 | (3,650) | ||
| —Not available. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Not applicable. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| !Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 For 1989–90 data, total borrowed includes loans from family and friends. For 1999–2000 and 2011–12 data, total borrowed excludes loans from family and friends. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 Includes Stafford loans and Perkins loans only. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 Cumulative Stafford loan amounts shown in the table include federal subsidized and unsubsidized Stafford loans as well as any Supplemental Loans for Students (SLS) received in prior years. The SLS program was an unsubsidized student loan program limited to independent students and some dependent students with special circumstances. Beginning in 1993–94, the SLS program was replaced by unsubsidized Stafford loans, which are available to both independent and dependent students regardless of need. Subsidized Stafford loans are only available to students with demonstrated financial need. Stafford Loans were available through both the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program and the Federal Family Education Loan Program (FFELP) until FFELP was discontinued in 2010. Since then, Stafford Loans have been referred to as Direct Loans. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 Parent PLUS loans are taken out by parents of dependent students and are used towards the students’ undergraduate education. Parent PLUS Loans were available through both the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program and the Federal Family Education Loan Program (FFELP) until FFELP was discontinued in 2010. Since then, Parent PLUS Loans have been referred to as Direct PLUS Loans. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5 Includes Pacific Islanders in 1989–90. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6 Average loan amounts were calculated only for students who took out a loan (or whose parents took out a PLUS loan on their behalf). Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1999–2000, and 2011–12 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:90, NPSAS:2000, and NPSAS:12). (This table was prepared February 2014.) |