Table 314.20.

Employees in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by sex, employment status, control and level of institution, and primary occupation: Selected years, fall 1991 through fall 2020

Sex, employment status, control and level of institution, and primary occupation	1991	1995	2001	2003	2005	2007	2009	2011	2013	2015	2017	2018	2019	2020	Percent change, 2009 to 2020
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16
All institutions	2,545,235	2,662,075	3,083,353	3,187,907	3,379,087	3,561,730	3,724,661	3,841,819	3,896,053	3,914,284	3,916,658	3,925,642	3,963,057	3,811,104	2.3
Faculty (instruction/research/       public service)	826,252	931,706	1,113,183	1,173,593	1,290,426	1,371,587	1,439,074	1,524,469	1,545,381	1,552,256	1,545,653	1,543,212	1,548,824	1,489,415	3.5
Graduate assistants	197,751	215,909	261,136	292,061	317,141	329,001	343,204	355,916	363,416	366,868	377,049	382,749	389,452	377,459	10.0
Other1	1,521,232	1,514,460	1,709,034	1,722,253	1,771,520	1,861,142	1,942,383	1,961,434	1,987,256	1,995,160	1,993,956	1,999,681	2,024,781	1,944,230	0.1
Males	1,227,591	1,274,676	1,451,773	1,496,867	1,581,498	1,650,641	1,710,021	1,754,919	1,772,803	1,776,928	1,774,403	1,768,349	1,772,275	1,695,000	-0.9
Faculty (instruction/research/       public service)	525,599	562,893	644,514	663,723	714,453	744,047	761,002	789,567	791,971	789,405	778,873	771,861	768,404	734,605	-3.5
Graduate assistants	119,125	123,962	142,120	156,881	167,529	173,128	181,328	188,305	191,501	193,202	196,014	196,791	197,473	188,950	4.2
Other1	582,867	587,821	665,139	676,263	699,516	733,466	767,691	777,047	789,331	794,321	799,516	799,697	806,398	771,445	0.5
Females	1,317,644	1,387,399	1,631,580	1,691,040	1,797,589	1,911,089	2,014,640	2,086,900	2,123,250	2,137,356	2,142,255	2,157,293	2,190,782	2,116,104	5.0
Faculty (instruction/research/       public service)	300,653	368,813	468,669	509,870	575,973	627,540	678,072	734,902	753,410	762,851	766,780	771,351	780,420	754,810	11.3
Graduate assistants	78,626	91,947	119,016	135,180	149,612	155,873	161,876	167,611	171,915	173,666	181,035	185,958	191,979	188,509	16.5
Other1	938,365	926,639	1,043,895	1,045,990	1,072,004	1,127,676	1,174,692	1,184,387	1,197,925	1,200,839	1,194,440	1,199,984	1,218,383	1,172,785	-0.2
Full-time	1,812,912	1,801,371	2,043,208	2,083,142	2,179,864	2,281,516	2,382,305	2,435,988	2,472,434	2,507,787	2,531,496	2,551,382	2,590,802	2,544,429	6.8
Faculty (instruction/research/       public service)	535,623	550,822	617,868	630,092	675,624	703,757	729,152	762,114	791,378	807,109	822,513	832,130	843,820	836,597	14.7
Other1	1,277,289	1,250,549	1,425,340	1,453,050	1,504,240	1,577,759	1,653,153	1,673,874	1,681,056	1,700,678	1,708,983	1,719,252	1,746,982	1,707,832	3.3
Part-time	732,323	860,704	1,040,145	1,104,765	1,199,223	1,280,214	1,342,356	1,405,831	1,423,619	1,406,497	1,385,162	1,374,260	1,372,255	1,266,675	-5.6
Faculty (instruction/research/       public service)	290,629	380,884	495,315	543,501	614,802	667,830	709,922	762,355	754,003	745,147	723,140	711,082	705,004	652,818	-8.0
Graduate assistants	197,751	215,909	261,136	292,061	317,141	329,001	343,204	355,916	363,416	366,868	377,049	382,749	389,452	377,459	10.0
Other1	243,943	263,911	283,694	269,203	267,280	283,383	289,230	287,560	306,200	294,482	284,973	280,429	277,799	236,398	-18.3
Public 4-year	1,341,914	1,383,476	1,558,576	1,569,870	1,656,709	1,742,370	1,804,332	1,843,314	1,884,854	1,925,674	1,989,365	2,021,429	2,067,330	2,021,508	12.0
Faculty (instruction/research/       public service)	358,376	384,399	438,459	450,123	486,691	518,930	539,946	575,624	601,126	622,283	656,145	670,988	684,491	675,165	25.0
Graduate assistants	144,344	178,342	218,260	239,600	257,578	266,451	275,878	285,905	287,839	291,770	295,389	299,328	303,854	294,031	6.6
Other1	839,194	820,735	901,857	880,147	912,440	956,989	988,508	981,785	995,889	1,011,621	1,037,831	1,051,113	1,078,985	1,052,312	6.5
Private 4-year	734,509	770,004	912,924	988,895	1,073,764	1,158,196	1,230,409	1,297,376	1,318,760	1,323,899	1,313,901	1,306,885	1,314,891	1,272,485	3.4
Faculty (instruction/research/       public service)	232,893	262,660	325,713	364,166	430,305	473,455	498,403	540,018	550,512	558,262	552,998	545,475	549,293	533,220	7.0
Graduate assistants	23,989	33,853	41,611	52,101	59,147	62,550	67,326	70,011	75,537	75,079	81,638	83,393	85,582	83,408	23.9
Other1	477,627	473,491	545,600	572,628	584,312	622,191	664,680	687,347	692,711	690,558	679,265	678,017	680,016	655,857	-1.3
Public 2-year	441,414	482,454	578,394	593,466	610,978	619,455	638,361	642,455	642,430	622,754	577,387	567,025	551,690	488,893	-23.4
Faculty (instruction/research/       public service)	222,532	272,434	332,665	341,643	354,497	357,596	373,842	378,535	367,608	348,708	316,544	310,761	299,729	266,202	-28.8
Graduate assistants	29,216	3,401	1,215	323	374	0	0	0	13	13	15	17	16	16	†
Other1	189,666	206,619	244,514	251,500	256,107	261,859	264,519	263,920	274,809	274,033	260,828	256,247	251,945	222,675	-15.8
Private 2-year	27,398	26,141	33,459	35,676	37,636	41,709	51,559	58,674	50,009	41,957	36,005	30,303	29,146	28,218	-45.3
Faculty (instruction/research/       public service)	12,451	12,213	16,346	17,661	18,933	21,606	26,883	30,292	26,135	23,003	19,966	15,988	15,311	14,828	-44.8
Graduate assistants	202	313	50	37	42	0	0	0	27	6	7	11	0	4	†
Other1	14,745	13,615	17,063	17,978	18,661	20,103	24,676	28,382	23,847	18,948	16,032	14,304	13,835	13,386	-45.8

†Not applicable.
1 Prior to 2013, included employees categorized as executive/administrative/managerial. Since 2013, includes employees in categories such as office and administrative support; management; computer, engineering, and science; and business and financial operations.
NOTE: Data in this table represent the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Data through 1995 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The degree-granting classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, but it includes more 2-year colleges and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not grant degrees. Beginning in 2007, includes institutions with fewer than 15 full-time employees; these institutions did not report staff data prior to 2007. By definition, all graduate assistants are part time. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), "Fall Staff Survey" (IPEDS-S:91-99); selected years, IPEDS Winter 2001-02 through Winter 2011-12, Human Resources component, Fall Staff section; and IPEDS Spring 2014 through Spring 2021, Human Resources component, Fall Staff section. (This table was prepared February 2022.)