Table 8. Coefficients from an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression of 12th-grade IRT mathematics scores, by characteristic: 2002 and 2004

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Table 8. Coefficients from an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression of 12th-grade IRT mathematics scores, by characteristic: 2002 and 2004
	Model 1¹			Model 2
Characteristic	Coefficient		Standard error	Coefficient		Standard error
10th-grade IRT mathematics score	0.9	*	0.01	0.9	*	0.01

Sex
Female (reference)	†		†	†		†
Male	–0.4	*	0.17	–0.6	*	0.16

Race/ethnicity
White (reference)	†		†	†		†
Black	–0.8	*	0.25	–1.3	*	0.25
Hispanic	–0.3		0.27	–0.6	*	0.27
Asian	0.5		0.38	0.2		0.38
American Indian	–1.6		1.02	–1.6		0.94
More than one race	0.4		0.42	0.4		0.40

Socioeconomic status
Quartile 1 (low) (reference)	†		†	†		†
Quartile 2	#		†	#		†
Quartile 3	0.9	*	0.23	0.7	*	0.22
Quartile 4 (high)	1.7	*	0.26	1.3	*	0.25

School sector
Public (reference)	†		†	†		†
Catholic	1.4	*	0.22	1.0	*	0.21
Other private	0.9	*	0.36	0.5		0.39

Family composition
Mother and father (reference)	†		†	†		†
Mother or father and guardian	–0.5	*	0.26	–0.5		0.25
Single parent	–0.2		0.19	–0.2		0.20
Other	–1.7	*	0.51	–1.7	*	0.48

Student's educational expectations²
High school or less (reference)	†		†	†		†
Some college	0.7		0.52	0.8		0.50
Bachelor's degree	1.9	*	0.43	1.5	*	0.42
Don't know	1.1	*	0.51	1.0	*	0.49

Course sequence
No mathematics–no mathematics	†		†	–2.8	*	0.41
Geometry–geometry/no mathematics	†		†	–1.5	*	0.38
Geometry–algebra II	†		†	0.6		0.42
Algebra II–no mathematics (reference)	†		†	†		†
Algebra II–algebra II/trigonometry	†		†	3.2	*	0.33
Algebra II–precalculus	†		†	2.1	*	0.37
Precalculus–no mathematics	†		†	1.8	*	0.41
Precalculus–calculus	†		†	3.7	*	0.45
Precalculus–AP/IB calculus	†		†	4.2	*	0.37
All other patterns	†		†	#		†

Three mathematics courses or less 2002–2004 (reference)	†		†	†		†
More than 3 mathematics courses 2002–2004	†		†	1.3	*	0.24
Constant	7.8	*	0.62	9.9	*	0.68

N	9,456		†	9,456		†
Adjusted R-squared	0.8		†	0.8		†
† Not applicable.
# Rounds to zero.
* p < .05.
¹ The course sequence variable was not included in Model 1.
² Educational expectations of 10th-grade students.
NOTE: Black includes African American, Hispanic includes Latino, Asian includes Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and American Indian includes Alaska Native. IRT = Item Response Theory. AP/IB calculus = Advanced Placement/International Baccalaureate calculus.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS:2002), "Base Year, 2002" and "First Follow-up, 2004."

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