Average score is higher than U.S. average score at the .05 level of statistical significance.

Average score is lower than U.S. average score at the .05 level of statistical significance.

*p < .05. Change in average scores is significant at the .05 level of statistical significance.

¹ The physics coverage index is the percentage of the corresponding age cohort covered by students in their final year of secondary school who have taken or are taking physics courses. The corresponding age cohort is determined for education systems individually. In the United States, the corresponding age cohort is considered 18-year-olds. For additional details, see the Technical Notes available at http://nces.ed.gov/timss/timss15technotes.asp.

² The change in average score is calculated by subtracting the 1995 or 2011 estimate, respectively, from the 2015 estimate using unrounded numbers.

³ Did not satisfy guidelines for sample participation rates in 1995.

⁴ Did not satisfy guidelines for sample participation rates in 2015.

⁵ Nearly satisfied guidelines for sample participation rates after replacement schools were included in 1995.

NOTE: Education systems are ordered by the 2015 physics coverage index. Standard error is abbreviated as s.e.

SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA), Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) Advanced, 1995 and 2015.