| OECD average |
9.2 |
|
0.13 |
|
14.3 |
|
0.14 |
|
21.1 |
|
0.14 |
|
22.9 |
|
0.15 |
|
18.5 |
|
0.14 |
|
10.1 |
|
0.11 |
|
3.9 |
|
0.08 |
| Albania |
36.4 |
|
1.22 |
|
26.2 |
|
0.98 |
|
21.2 |
|
0.90 |
|
11.4 |
|
0.65 |
|
3.9 |
|
0.43 |
|
0.8 |
|
0.18 |
|
‡ |
|
† |
| Argentina |
34.0 |
|
2.00 |
|
29.4 |
|
1.38 |
|
22.9 |
|
1.22 |
|
10.5 |
|
0.90 |
|
2.6 |
|
0.36 |
|
0.5 |
|
0.15 |
|
‡ |
|
† |
| Australia |
8.4 |
|
0.35 |
|
13.8 |
|
0.45 |
|
21.2 |
|
0.60 |
|
22.8 |
|
0.60 |
|
18.3 |
|
0.49 |
|
10.5 |
|
0.47 |
|
4.9 |
|
0.39 |
| Austria |
5.0 |
|
0.54 |
|
12.4 |
|
0.90 |
|
20.9 |
|
0.98 |
|
24.6 |
|
0.83 |
|
22.3 |
|
0.97 |
|
11.3 |
|
0.78 |
|
3.5 |
|
0.49 |
| Belgium |
6.9 |
|
0.51 |
|
11.2 |
|
0.68 |
|
17.9 |
|
0.69 |
|
21.8 |
|
0.69 |
|
21.2 |
|
0.62 |
|
14.5 |
|
0.60 |
|
6.6 |
|
0.38 |
| Brazil |
36.5 |
|
1.13 |
|
27.0 |
|
0.81 |
|
20.2 |
|
0.60 |
|
10.5 |
|
0.53 |
|
4.3 |
|
0.42 |
|
1.3 |
|
0.27 |
|
0.2 |
! |
0.08 |
| Bulgaria |
20.2 |
|
1.39 |
|
21.7 |
|
0.99 |
|
23.4 |
|
1.00 |
|
18.2 |
|
0.93 |
|
10.9 |
|
0.80 |
|
4.3 |
|
0.62 |
|
1.2 |
|
0.28 |
| Canada |
5.9 |
|
0.32 |
|
11.0 |
|
0.40 |
|
19.7 |
|
0.71 |
|
24.2 |
|
0.60 |
|
20.9 |
|
0.59 |
|
12.6 |
|
0.51 |
|
5.8 |
|
0.40 |
| Chile |
24.6 |
|
1.44 |
|
26.7 |
|
0.95 |
|
23.9 |
|
0.93 |
|
15.5 |
|
0.80 |
|
7.1 |
|
0.60 |
|
1.9 |
|
0.28 |
|
0.3 |
|
0.06 |
| Chinese Taipei |
5.1 |
|
0.57 |
|
9.2 |
|
0.57 |
|
14.0 |
|
0.65 |
|
19.3 |
|
0.77 |
|
22.1 |
|
0.83 |
|
18.7 |
|
0.98 |
|
11.6 |
|
0.71 |
| Colombia |
43.1 |
|
1.43 |
|
27.2 |
|
0.98 |
|
18.0 |
|
0.85 |
|
8.3 |
|
0.58 |
|
2.7 |
|
0.39 |
|
0.6 |
|
0.15 |
|
0.1 |
! |
0.05 |
| Costa Rica |
27.2 |
|
1.64 |
|
30.8 |
|
1.14 |
|
25.8 |
|
1.10 |
|
11.3 |
|
0.84 |
|
3.9 |
|
0.57 |
|
0.9 |
! |
0.29 |
|
‡ |
|
† |
| Croatia |
9.1 |
|
0.70 |
|
18.0 |
|
0.78 |
|
24.9 |
|
1.27 |
|
23.4 |
|
1.27 |
|
15.3 |
|
0.91 |
|
7.0 |
|
0.80 |
|
2.3 |
|
0.57 |
| Cyprus |
21.6 |
|
0.54 |
|
21.2 |
|
0.67 |
|
23.8 |
|
0.72 |
|
18.5 |
|
0.64 |
|
10.3 |
|
0.51 |
|
3.7 |
|
0.29 |
|
0.9 |
|
0.18 |
| Czech Republic |
7.7 |
|
0.77 |
|
12.4 |
|
0.84 |
|
20.6 |
|
1.02 |
|
23.5 |
|
1.07 |
|
19.8 |
|
0.92 |
|
11.0 |
|
0.71 |
|
4.9 |
|
0.51 |
| Denmark |
5.5 |
|
0.47 |
|
12.9 |
|
0.71 |
|
22.9 |
|
0.78 |
|
26.1 |
|
0.90 |
|
20.0 |
|
0.84 |
|
9.7 |
|
0.59 |
|
2.9 |
|
0.30 |
| Estonia |
2.7 |
|
0.40 |
|
8.5 |
|
0.57 |
|
19.8 |
|
0.78 |
|
27.8 |
|
0.91 |
|
24.0 |
|
0.89 |
|
12.4 |
|
0.84 |
|
4.7 |
|
0.50 |
| Finland |
2.9 |
|
0.36 |
|
8.1 |
|
0.45 |
|
19.3 |
|
0.90 |
|
27.7 |
|
0.68 |
|
24.3 |
|
0.74 |
|
12.7 |
|
0.68 |
|
5.0 |
|
0.51 |
| France |
9.4 |
|
0.80 |
|
14.1 |
|
0.78 |
|
20.7 |
|
0.81 |
|
22.3 |
|
0.76 |
|
18.9 |
|
0.76 |
|
10.7 |
|
0.72 |
|
4.0 |
|
0.47 |
| Germany |
6.1 |
|
0.71 |
|
11.6 |
|
0.69 |
|
17.7 |
|
0.76 |
|
23.4 |
|
1.01 |
|
22.1 |
|
0.85 |
|
13.5 |
|
0.79 |
|
5.6 |
|
0.59 |
| Greece |
16.4 |
|
1.00 |
|
19.3 |
|
1.23 |
|
24.4 |
|
1.10 |
|
21.5 |
|
0.81 |
|
12.7 |
|
0.78 |
|
4.5 |
|
0.39 |
|
1.1 |
|
0.20 |
| Hong Kong-China |
3.3 |
|
0.44 |
|
5.3 |
|
0.50 |
|
11.4 |
|
0.72 |
|
18.6 |
|
0.72 |
|
24.6 |
|
0.89 |
|
22.1 |
|
0.97 |
|
14.6 |
|
0.85 |
| Hungary |
11.7 |
|
0.88 |
|
18.1 |
|
0.99 |
|
23.5 |
|
0.95 |
|
21.6 |
|
1.11 |
|
15.3 |
|
0.89 |
|
7.5 |
|
0.76 |
|
2.4 |
|
0.43 |
| Iceland |
9.3 |
|
0.62 |
|
13.3 |
|
0.69 |
|
20.8 |
|
0.85 |
|
24.1 |
|
0.79 |
|
18.5 |
|
0.67 |
|
10.2 |
|
0.58 |
|
3.9 |
|
0.35 |
| Indonesia |
50.0 |
|
2.14 |
|
27.1 |
|
1.57 |
|
14.8 |
|
1.18 |
|
5.8 |
|
0.86 |
|
2.0 |
! |
0.64 |
|
‡ |
|
† |
|
‡ |
|
† |
| Ireland |
5.9 |
|
0.56 |
|
12.0 |
|
0.68 |
|
21.8 |
|
0.86 |
|
26.0 |
|
0.72 |
|
20.6 |
|
0.72 |
|
10.4 |
|
0.58 |
|
3.3 |
|
0.34 |
| Israel |
15.6 |
|
1.22 |
|
15.2 |
|
0.86 |
|
19.1 |
|
0.95 |
|
19.8 |
|
0.81 |
|
16.2 |
|
0.80 |
|
9.4 |
|
0.76 |
|
4.8 |
|
0.61 |
| Italy |
9.6 |
|
0.44 |
|
14.6 |
|
0.47 |
|
21.7 |
|
0.47 |
|
23.6 |
|
0.54 |
|
18.0 |
|
0.49 |
|
9.2 |
|
0.39 |
|
3.3 |
|
0.23 |
| Japan |
4.9 |
|
0.64 |
|
10.3 |
|
0.75 |
|
19.5 |
|
0.80 |
|
25.2 |
|
1.02 |
|
22.3 |
|
0.93 |
|
12.7 |
|
0.83 |
|
5.1 |
|
0.62 |
| Jordan |
47.2 |
|
1.63 |
|
26.0 |
|
0.76 |
|
16.7 |
|
0.95 |
|
7.4 |
|
0.58 |
|
2.1 |
|
0.39 |
|
0.6 |
! |
0.29 |
|
‡ |
|
† |
| Kazakhstan |
18.5 |
|
1.01 |
|
29.5 |
|
1.22 |
|
28.1 |
|
1.05 |
|
16.1 |
|
1.09 |
|
6.2 |
|
0.84 |
|
1.4 |
|
0.38 |
|
0.2 |
! |
0.09 |
| Korea, Republic of |
3.4 |
|
0.50 |
|
7.4 |
|
0.85 |
|
16.2 |
|
0.96 |
|
23.9 |
|
1.14 |
|
25.1 |
|
0.90 |
|
17.1 |
|
0.91 |
|
6.8 |
|
0.86 |
| Latvia |
5.9 |
|
0.61 |
|
15.4 |
|
0.99 |
|
26.5 |
|
1.34 |
|
26.6 |
|
0.98 |
|
17.8 |
|
0.96 |
|
6.5 |
|
0.65 |
|
1.2 |
|
0.25 |
| Liechtenstein |
4.6 |
|
1.19 |
|
8.2 |
|
1.70 |
|
16.6 |
|
2.55 |
|
19.1 |
|
2.78 |
|
23.1 |
|
2.60 |
|
19.9 |
|
2.14 |
|
8.4 |
|
1.53 |
| Lithuania |
9.1 |
|
0.66 |
|
16.1 |
|
1.01 |
|
25.1 |
|
1.24 |
|
24.1 |
|
0.93 |
|
16.0 |
|
0.78 |
|
7.4 |
|
0.52 |
|
2.2 |
|
0.35 |
| Luxembourg |
9.2 |
|
0.48 |
|
14.5 |
|
0.76 |
|
20.8 |
|
0.61 |
|
22.8 |
|
0.79 |
|
19.3 |
|
0.76 |
|
9.8 |
|
0.64 |
|
3.6 |
|
0.36 |
| Macao-China |
3.4 |
|
0.24 |
|
8.4 |
|
0.43 |
|
17.7 |
|
0.62 |
|
24.6 |
|
0.65 |
|
25.0 |
|
0.78 |
|
15.0 |
|
0.81 |
|
5.8 |
|
0.43 |
| Malaysia |
30.4 |
|
1.39 |
|
26.0 |
|
0.97 |
|
21.9 |
|
0.94 |
|
13.1 |
|
0.90 |
|
6.4 |
|
0.69 |
|
1.9 |
|
0.34 |
|
0.3 |
! |
0.13 |
| Mexico |
25.9 |
|
0.67 |
|
27.5 |
|
0.53 |
|
25.3 |
|
0.42 |
|
14.5 |
|
0.52 |
|
5.4 |
|
0.28 |
|
1.3 |
|
0.11 |
|
0.2 |
|
0.04 |
| Montenegro, Republic of |
28.5 |
|
0.73 |
|
27.5 |
|
0.76 |
|
23.8 |
|
0.98 |
|
13.7 |
|
0.81 |
|
4.9 |
|
0.51 |
|
1.3 |
|
0.26 |
|
‡ |
|
† |
| Netherlands |
4.2 |
|
0.69 |
|
10.3 |
|
0.82 |
|
16.4 |
|
0.97 |
|
21.3 |
|
1.28 |
|
24.0 |
|
1.08 |
|
16.9 |
|
1.06 |
|
6.9 |
|
0.70 |
| New Zealand |
8.8 |
|
0.64 |
|
14.6 |
|
0.79 |
|
21.0 |
|
0.76 |
|
21.9 |
|
0.83 |
|
18.0 |
|
0.86 |
|
10.8 |
|
0.57 |
|
4.8 |
|
0.40 |
| Norway |
7.8 |
|
0.73 |
|
14.2 |
|
0.64 |
|
23.3 |
|
0.79 |
|
25.6 |
|
0.84 |
|
18.0 |
|
0.69 |
|
8.1 |
|
0.54 |
|
3.0 |
|
0.37 |
| Peru |
47.9 |
|
1.74 |
|
24.8 |
|
0.84 |
|
15.9 |
|
0.88 |
|
7.5 |
|
0.75 |
|
2.9 |
|
0.59 |
|
0.9 |
! |
0.26 |
|
‡ |
|
† |
| Poland |
3.1 |
|
0.40 |
|
10.5 |
|
0.80 |
|
21.1 |
|
1.00 |
|
26.9 |
|
1.33 |
|
21.6 |
|
0.95 |
|
12.2 |
|
0.91 |
|
4.4 |
|
0.68 |
| Portugal |
10.4 |
|
0.94 |
|
16.4 |
|
0.91 |
|
23.0 |
|
0.76 |
|
23.5 |
|
0.94 |
|
17.2 |
|
0.96 |
|
7.5 |
|
0.70 |
|
2.0 |
|
0.38 |
| Qatar |
48.5 |
|
0.43 |
|
21.6 |
|
0.46 |
|
14.8 |
|
0.45 |
|
8.8 |
|
0.35 |
|
4.4 |
|
0.22 |
|
1.6 |
|
0.13 |
|
0.3 |
|
0.06 |
| Romania |
18.5 |
|
1.44 |
|
24.1 |
|
1.05 |
|
24.8 |
|
0.94 |
|
18.3 |
|
1.04 |
|
9.5 |
|
0.86 |
|
3.7 |
|
0.59 |
|
1.1 |
! |
0.37 |
| Russian Federation |
9.6 |
|
0.67 |
|
16.7 |
|
1.01 |
|
25.9 |
|
1.18 |
|
24.4 |
|
0.89 |
|
15.0 |
|
0.94 |
|
6.6 |
|
0.67 |
|
1.9 |
|
0.35 |
| Serbia, Republic of |
15.4 |
|
1.26 |
|
21.2 |
|
0.99 |
|
25.2 |
|
1.14 |
|
19.9 |
|
1.13 |
|
11.8 |
|
0.74 |
|
4.8 |
|
0.54 |
|
1.6 |
|
0.45 |
| Shanghai-China |
1.3 |
|
0.25 |
|
3.7 |
|
0.48 |
|
8.8 |
|
0.55 |
|
16.3 |
|
0.80 |
|
23.7 |
|
0.92 |
|
25.3 |
|
1.05 |
|
20.9 |
|
1.00 |
| Singapore |
2.5 |
|
0.24 |
|
6.3 |
|
0.37 |
|
11.9 |
|
0.55 |
|
18.5 |
|
0.59 |
|
23.3 |
|
0.57 |
|
20.5 |
|
0.70 |
|
16.9 |
|
0.45 |
| Slovak Republic |
11.4 |
|
1.14 |
|
15.5 |
|
1.08 |
|
21.6 |
|
0.99 |
|
21.6 |
|
1.04 |
|
17.0 |
|
0.91 |
|
9.0 |
|
0.57 |
|
3.9 |
|
0.45 |
| Slovenia |
6.0 |
|
0.58 |
|
13.3 |
|
0.94 |
|
22.7 |
|
0.64 |
|
24.1 |
|
0.87 |
|
19.2 |
|
0.84 |
|
10.7 |
|
0.63 |
|
4.1 |
|
0.41 |
| Spain |
9.7 |
|
0.64 |
|
14.3 |
|
0.59 |
|
21.4 |
|
0.55 |
|
23.7 |
|
0.62 |
|
18.5 |
|
0.66 |
|
9.2 |
|
0.39 |
|
3.2 |
|
0.25 |
| Sweden |
10.2 |
|
0.68 |
|
15.9 |
|
0.78 |
|
23.5 |
|
0.76 |
|
23.9 |
|
0.88 |
|
16.6 |
|
0.83 |
|
7.5 |
|
0.56 |
|
2.4 |
|
0.26 |
| Switzerland |
4.0 |
|
0.36 |
|
8.9 |
|
0.52 |
|
17.3 |
|
0.86 |
|
23.7 |
|
0.75 |
|
23.9 |
|
0.89 |
|
15.0 |
|
0.79 |
|
7.1 |
|
0.72 |
| Thailand |
24.6 |
|
1.33 |
|
28.5 |
|
1.11 |
|
24.9 |
|
0.96 |
|
13.8 |
|
0.93 |
|
5.8 |
|
0.69 |
|
2.0 |
|
0.41 |
|
0.4 |
! |
0.16 |
| Tunisia |
42.4 |
|
2.09 |
|
26.4 |
|
1.14 |
|
19.0 |
|
1.18 |
|
8.4 |
|
0.67 |
|
2.8 |
|
0.67 |
|
0.7 |
! |
0.34 |
|
‡ |
|
† |
| Turkey |
19.6 |
|
1.32 |
|
24.8 |
|
1.22 |
|
23.3 |
|
1.12 |
|
16.4 |
|
1.08 |
|
10.1 |
|
1.09 |
|
4.8 |
|
0.81 |
|
1.0 |
! |
0.34 |
| United Arab Emirates |
24.3 |
|
0.96 |
|
22.9 |
|
0.83 |
|
22.3 |
|
0.70 |
|
16.4 |
|
0.58 |
|
9.4 |
|
0.68 |
|
3.6 |
|
0.31 |
|
1.0 |
|
0.18 |
| United Kingdom |
9.4 |
|
0.95 |
|
14.3 |
|
0.96 |
|
21.2 |
|
0.78 |
|
23.0 |
|
0.91 |
|
18.4 |
|
0.79 |
|
9.8 |
|
0.60 |
|
3.8 |
|
0.41 |
| United States |
10.9 |
|
1.01 |
|
18.3 |
|
1.06 |
|
24.0 |
|
0.78 |
|
21.5 |
|
0.97 |
|
14.7 |
|
0.93 |
|
7.6 |
|
0.66 |
|
3.0 |
|
0.41 |
| Uruguay |
29.9 |
|
1.27 |
|
24.0 |
|
0.95 |
|
22.3 |
|
0.81 |
|
14.7 |
|
0.77 |
|
6.8 |
|
0.56 |
|
2.0 |
|
0.30 |
|
0.3 |
! |
0.11 |
| Vietnam |
5.4 |
|
1.04 |
|
11.2 |
|
1.09 |
|
22.4 |
|
1.40 |
|
26.1 |
|
1.38 |
|
20.3 |
|
1.20 |
|
10.5 |
|
1.03 |
|
4.2 |
|
0.85 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| U.S. state education system |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Connecticut |
9.4 |
|
1.43 |
|
13.5 |
|
1.29 |
|
19.2 |
|
1.24 |
|
22.0 |
|
1.18 |
|
19.4 |
|
1.59 |
|
11.5 |
|
1.47 |
|
5.1 |
|
1.01 |
| Florida |
14.6 |
|
1.83 |
|
20.8 |
|
1.73 |
|
25.1 |
|
1.31 |
|
21.4 |
|
1.78 |
|
12.1 |
|
1.12 |
|
4.9 |
|
0.96 |
|
1.1 |
! |
0.38 |
| Massachusetts |
7.9 |
|
1.00 |
|
12.6 |
|
1.12 |
|
19.9 |
|
1.89 |
|
23.7 |
|
1.45 |
|
18.5 |
|
1.14 |
|
11.8 |
|
1.59 |
|
5.6 |
|
1.08 |
| See notes at end of table. |