Percentage distribution of principal sex by race/ethnicity, by school type and selected school and principal characteristics and state: 2017–18

School type, selected school and principal characteristic, and state	American Indian/Alaska Native, non-Hispanic				Asian, non-Hispanic				Black or African American, non-Hispanic				Hispanic, regardless of race				Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic				White, non-Hispanic			Two or more races, non-Hispanic
	Female		Male		Female		Male		Female		Male		Female		Male		Female		Male		Female	Male		Female		Male
All principals	0.5		0.1		0.8		0.4		6.4		3.0		4.8		3.2		0.1		0.1		41.6	38.0		0.6		0.5

All public school principals	0.5		0.2		0.6		0.4		6.9		3.7		5.1		3.8		0.1		0.1		39.9	37.8		0.6		0.5

School classification
Traditional public	0.5		0.2		0.6		0.4		6.6		3.4		4.9		3.7		0.1		0.1	!	39.8	38.8		0.5		0.4
Charter school	0.8	!	‡		0.8	!	0.4	!	9.9		6.4		7.8		4.5		‡		0.4	!	41.0	25.5		1.0	!	0.7	!

Community type
City	0.4	!	‡		1.5		0.7	!	13.1		7.1		9.2		5.7		‡		0.1	!	35.7	25.1		0.9		0.4	!
Suburban	‡		‡		0.4	!	0.4	!	6.4		3.0		5.3		4.8		‡		0.1	!	41.6	36.9		0.4	!	0.3	!
Town	0.3	!	0.3	!	‡		0.2	!	2.9		2.1		2.9		1.8		0.4	!	‡		43.1	44.5		‡		0.7	!
Rural	1.3		0.3	!	‡		‡		2.9		1.6		1.7		1.4		‡		‡		40.6	49.0		0.3	!	0.5	!

Public school level¹
Primary	0.7		‡		0.6		0.3	!	8.5		2.4		6.5		3.1		0.1		0.1	!	49.9	26.8		0.6		0.4	!
Middle	‡		‡		0.8	!	0.4	!	4.8		5.5		4.4		4.4		‡		‡		28.8	49.1		0.6	!	‡
High	‡		0.3	!	0.5	!	0.6		5.0		5.6		3.1		5.1		‡		‡		23.8	55.1		0.1	!	0.7	!
Combined	0.8	!	‡		0.2	!	‡		5.0		4.0		2.9		3.7		‡		‡		33.3	47.5		0.9		0.7	!

Student enrollment
Less than 100	‡		‡		‡		‡		3.5		3.3	!	2.8	!	3.8	!	‡		‡		43.4	41.0		‡		‡
100–199	1.5	!	‡		‡		‡		6.1		3.8		4.3		3.4	!	‡		‡		40.0	39.1		‡		‡
200–499	0.5		‡		0.7		0.4	!	8.2		3.4		4.0		2.2		0.1	!	‡		43.6	35.6		0.6		0.6
500–749	0.5	!	0.4	!	0.7		0.5	!	7.5		3.1		6.6		4.8		‡		0.1	!	41.2	34.0		0.6	!	‡
750–999	‡		‡		0.5	!	‡		6.4		3.4		8.4		5.6		‡		‡		32.9	40.4		0.7	!	‡
1,000 or more	‡		‡		0.9	!	0.4		3.8		6.3		5.0		5.6		‡		0.2	!	26.7	49.9		‡		0.7	!

Percent of K–12 students who were approved for free or reduced-price lunches²
0–34	0.4	!	‡		0.6	!	0.4	!	2.3		1.5		2.1		2.0		‡		‡		44.9	44.9		0.3	!	0.4	!
35–49	‡		‡		0.6	!	0.1	!	2.6		1.2		2.8		2.1		‡		0.2	!	44.3	44.5		0.7	!	0.2	!
50–74	0.3	!	‡		0.3	!	0.4	!	4.3		3.3		2.9		3.2		0.2	!	‡		41.5	42.3		0.5	!	0.7
75 or more	0.8		0.3	!	0.8		0.4		14.3		6.7		10.1		6.4		0.1	!	0.1	!	32.8	26.0		0.7		0.5	!

Principal age
Less than 45 years	0.6		‡		0.5		0.4	!	6.8		4.2		4.8		4.2		0.1	!	0.1	!	37.0	40.2		0.6		0.6	!
45–54 years	0.4	!	0.3	!	0.6		0.3	!	6.7		3.9		5.3		3.9		‡		0.2	!	38.6	38.7		0.6		0.5
55 years or more	0.6	!	‡		0.6	!	0.4	!	7.2		2.4		5.4		2.9		0.2	!	‡		47.2	32.2		0.5	!	0.2	!

Principal salary
Less than $75,000	1.4		0.4	!	‡		‡		5.6		3.2		5.1		2.6		‡		‡		48.2	32.4		0.2	!	0.6	!
$75,000–$94,999	0.4	!	‡		0.3	!	‡		7.3		2.8		4.8		2.7		‡		‡		41.7	38.5		0.7		0.4	!
$95,000–$114,999	0.5	!	‡		0.5		0.3	!	7.3		3.8		4.1		3.6		0.2	!	0.1	!	38.6	40.1		0.5	!	0.4	!
$115,000 or more	0.1	!	‡		1.4		1.1		6.7		4.8		6.6		6.0		0.2	!	0.1	!	33.8	37.8		0.6	!	0.5

Principal highest degree
Bachelor's degree or less	‡		‡		‡		‡		2.3	!	2.3	!	3.2	!	2.9	!	‡		0.7	!	55.0	27.7		‡		‡
Master's degree	0.7		0.2	!	0.6		0.4		5.7		3.5		6.0		4.8		0.1	!	0.1	!	38.3	38.5		0.5		0.6
Educational specialist or professional diploma³	‡		‡		0.5	!	‡		6.7		3.1		3.7		1.2		‡		‡		43.2	40.3		0.6	!	0.2
Doctorate or first professional degree	‡		‡		0.5	!	‡		15.1		6.5		3.5		4.2		‡		‡		38.6	29.4		0.4	!	‡

State
Alabama	‡		‡		‡		‡		17.1		10.6		‡		‡		‡		‡		26.9	44.5		‡		‡
Alaska	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		39.2	42.9		‡		‡
Arizona	‡		‡		‡		‡		2.9	!	‡		15.4		5.7	!	‡		‡		42.1	31.8		‡		‡
Arkansas	‡		‡		‡		‡		5.6	!	3.9	!	‡		‡		‡		‡		51.9	36.8		‡		‡
California	‡		‡		1.8	!	1.7	!	2.7		3.4		10.7		11.8		‡		‡		40.3	25.8		‡		‡
Colorado	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		7.8	!	‡		‡		50.5	33.4		‡		‡
Connecticut	‡		‡		‡		‡		7.0	!	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		48.4	33.3		‡		‡
Delaware	‡		‡		‡		‡		12.9		14.8		‡		‡		‡		‡		44.4	24.3		‡		‡
District of Columbia	‡		‡		‡		‡		23.9		22.0		‡		‡		‡		‡		25.3	19.5		‡		‡
Florida	‡		‡		‡		‡		13.3		5.2		12.4		9.4		‡		‡		35.8	23.8		‡		‡
Georgia	‡		‡		‡		‡		23.2		8.3		‡		‡		‡		‡		35.3	32.5		‡		‡
Hawaii	‡		‡		14.9		17.4		‡		‡		‡		‡		16.1		8.2		16.6	9.9	!	‡		5.8	!
Idaho	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		46.8	52.4		‡		‡
Illinois	‡		‡		‡		‡		8.5		3.8	!	4.9	!	4.2	!	‡		‡		38.8	37.5		‡		‡
Indiana	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		44.3	47.8		‡		‡
Iowa	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		36.3	60.3		‡		‡
Kansas	‡		‡		‡		‡		5.0		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		32.4	58.9		‡		‡
Kentucky	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		42.4	53.6		‡		‡
Louisiana	‡		‡		‡		‡		12.3	!	11.3	!	‡		‡		‡		‡		49.2	24.9		‡		‡
Maine	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		53.5	46.5		‡		‡
Maryland	‡		‡		‡		‡		13.6	!	5.7	!	‡		‡		‡		‡		49.6	26.7		‡		‡
Massachusetts	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		3.3	!	‡		‡		‡		‡		42.8	44.9		‡		‡
Michigan	‡		‡		‡		‡		5.5		2.8	!	‡		‡		‡		‡		45.4	42.0		‡		‡
Minnesota	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		2.4	!	‡		‡		‡		‡		34.0	60.0		‡		‡
Mississippi	‡		‡		‡		‡		22.2		11.3		‡		‡		‡		‡		32.6	32.6		‡		‡
Missouri	‡		‡		‡		‡		7.4		4.8	!	‡		‡		‡		‡		45.7	40.6		‡		‡
Montana	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		38.0	53.1		‡		‡
Nebraska	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		35.4	59.0		‡		‡
Nevada	‡		‡		‡		‡		9.1		‡		3.4	!	4.8	!	‡		‡		43.3	37.2		‡		‡
New Hampshire	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		49.3	50.7		‡		‡
New Jersey	‡		‡		‡		‡		10.4		4.9	!	‡		2.9	!	‡		‡		39.9	38.4		‡		‡
New Mexico	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		25.6		10.5		‡		‡		34.5	22.0		‡		‡
New York	‡		‡		‡		‡		6.4		3.2		9.2		4.3		‡		‡		33.6	40.2		‡		‡
North Carolina	3.6	!	‡		‡		‡		16.0		8.4		‡		‡		‡		‡		41.4	27.6		‡		‡
North Dakota	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		28.3	63.8		‡		‡
Ohio	‡		‡		‡		‡		5.9	!	4.6	!	‡		‡		‡		‡		37.0	49.4		‡		‡
Oklahoma	6.2	!	3.5	!	‡		‡		5.8		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		45.6	32.5		‡		‡
Oregon	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		45.6	44.4		‡		‡
Pennsylvania	‡		‡		‡		‡		4.4	!	3.9	!	‡		‡		‡		‡		31.2	56.9		‡		‡
Rhode Island	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		63.6	30.3		‡		‡
South Carolina	‡		‡		‡		‡		16.7		5.1	!	‡		‡		‡		‡		45.7	32.5		‡		‡
South Dakota	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		35.7	51.5		‡		‡
Tennessee	‡		‡		‡		‡		20.0		6.9	!	‡		‡		‡		‡		38.1	35.0		‡		‡
Texas	‡		‡		‡		‡		6.9		2.7		16.6		8.9		‡		‡		38.0	24.8		‡		‡
Utah	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		48.9	46.9		‡		‡
Vermont	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		45.9	54.1		‡		‡
Virginia	‡		‡		‡		‡		9.8		6.6		2.3	!	‡		‡		‡		40.7	35.5		‡		‡
Washington	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		40.7	53.2		‡		‡
West Virginia	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		57.1	41.4		‡		‡
Wisconsin	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		43.1	49.7		‡		‡
Wyoming	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		25.0	70.5		‡		‡

All private school principals	0.3	!	‡		1.4		0.5	!	4.5		0.8		3.6		1.2		‡		‡		47.3	38.9		0.6	!	0.5	!

School classification
Catholic	‡		‡		‡		‡		1.0	!	‡		5.1		1.6	!	‡		‡		56.8	33.1		‡		‡
Other religious	‡		‡		1.1	!	0.5	!	6.9		1.0	!	1.7		0.8	!	‡		‡		38.4	47.1		0.8	!	0.8	!
Nonsectarian	‡		‡		2.9		0.5	!	4.0		0.8	!	5.3		1.5	!	‡		‡		53.3	30.2		‡		‡

Community type
City	‡		‡		2.7		0.7	!	8.7		1.3	!	4.6		1.7		‡		‡		47.0	32.1		‡		‡
Suburban	‡		‡		1.6	!	0.8	!	3.9		0.9	!	4.9		1.1	!	‡		‡		52.3	33.0		‡		0.3	!
Town	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		49.9	41.2		‡		‡
Rural	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		39.2	56.8		‡		‡

Private school level⁴
Elementary	‡		‡		1.9		0.5	!	4.8		0.6	!	4.4		1.1		‡		‡		53.4	31.9		0.7	!	‡
Secondary	‡		‡		‡		0.8	!	5.0	!	0.9	!	2.0	!	2.2		‡		‡		35.5	51.4		‡		1.1	!
Combined	‡		‡		1.0	!	‡		3.8		1.2	!	2.9		1.0	!	‡		‡		42.2	45.3		‡		‡

Student enrollment
Less than 100	‡		‡		1.9		‡		7.6		0.7	!	3.8		0.9	!	‡		‡		47.0	35.7		1.0	!	0.7	!
100–199	‡		‡		1.6	!	‡		2.0	!	0.8	!	4.5		1.8	!	‡		‡		52.1	34.9		‡		‡
200–499	‡		‡		‡		0.8	!	1.4	!	1.2	!	3.0		1.4	!	‡		‡		47.1	43.5		‡		‡
500–749	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		1.2	!	‡		‡		40.5	54.6		‡		‡
750 or more	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		28.0	64.5		‡		‡

Principal age
Less than 45 years	‡		‡		1.3	!	0.9	!	4.0		1.1	!	3.3		2.0		‡		‡		39.6	45.3		‡		0.9	!
45–54 years	‡		‡		‡		‡		4.5		‡		4.0		0.9	!	‡		‡		49.4	37.6		‡		‡
55 years or more	‡		‡		2.0		‡		4.9		0.7	!	3.5		0.9	!	‡		‡		51.1	35.4		‡		‡

Principal salary
Less than $75,000	‡		‡		1.9		‡		6.0		0.9	!	4.2		1.0		‡		‡		51.0	32.4		0.8	!	0.6	!
$75,000–$94,999	‡		‡		‡		‡		3.0	!	‡		2.4	!	2.0	!	‡		‡		52.7	37.9		‡		‡
$95,000–$114,999	‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		‡		4.7	!	0.8	!	‡		‡		50.3	36.9		‡		‡
$115,000 or more	‡		‡		‡		0.8	!	3.0	!	‡		2.5	!	1.5	!	‡		‡		35.4	53.8		‡		‡

Principal highest degree
Bachelor's degree or less	‡		‡		1.4	!	‡		3.4	!	‡		4.6		0.8	!	‡		‡		45.4	40.8		1.2	!	‡
Master's degree	‡		‡		1.6		0.6	!	3.5		0.9	!	2.7		1.4		‡		‡		48.7	39.3		‡		0.4	!
Educational specialist or professional diploma³	‡		‡		‡		‡		5.6	!	‡		5.6		1.6	!	‡		‡		56.2	28.7		‡		‡
Doctorate or first professional degree	‡		‡		‡		‡		14.1	!	‡		2.8	!	‡		‡		‡		33.9	42.4		‡		‡

# Rounds to zero.

! Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 percent and 50 percent (i.e., the standard error is at least 30 percent and less than 50 percent of the estimate).

‡ Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable analysis, or the coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is 50 percent or greater (i.e., the standard error is 50 percent or more of the estimate).

¹School level based on low and high grades offered by the school. Primary schools offer at least one grade lower than 5 and no grade higher than 8. Middle schools offer no grade lower than 5 and no grade higher than 8. High schools offer no grade lower than 7 and at least one grade higher than 8. Combined schools offer at least one grade lower than 7 and at least one grade higher than 8. Schools with only ungraded classes were included with combined schools. These categories are provided because they are comparable to those used in previous NTPS publications.

²Schools that don’t participate in the free or reduced-price lunch program are included with the "0–34" percent category.

³At least 1 year beyond the master's level.

⁴School level based on low and high grades offered by the school. Elementary schools are those with any of grades K through 6 and none of grades 9 through 12. Secondary schools have any of grades 7 through 12 and none of grades K through 6. Combined schools are those schools with grade levels in both elementary and secondary grade levels, or with all students in ungraded classrooms.

NOTE: Data are weighted estimates of the population. Hispanic includes Latino. Principals were asked whether they were male or female. Although this variable is labeled "sex," the questionnaire did not use the term "gender" or "sex." Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Teacher and Principal Survey (NTPS), "Public School Principal and Private School Principal Data Files," 2017–18.