Table O6. Remedial college courses taken by the high school class of 2013: Among fall 2009 ninth-graders who enrolled in postsecondary education after high school, percentage who took any remedial courses, percentage who took any remedial math and English courses, and among students who took any remedial courses, the ratio of remedial courses to all courses taken, by selected characteristics (June 2016)

High School Longitudinal
Study of 2009 (HSLS:09)

Characteristic	Percent who took any remedial courses		Percent who took any remedial math courses	Percent who took any remedial English courses		Among students who took any remedial courses, ratio of remedial courses to all courses taken
Total	42.5		33.9	11.9		0.20
Demographic characteristics
Sex
Male	42.0		32.7	11.9		0.20
Female	42.9		34.9	12.0		0.19
Race/ethnicity¹
White	34.4		27.3	7.7		0.16
Black	57.9		47.4	21.0		0.26
Hispanic	54.0		43.7	17.7		0.22
Asian	36.9		23.8	13.2		0.15
Other or Two or more races	45.3		36.5	10.7		0.19
Highest education attained by either parent
High school credential or lower	50.3		40.6	15.0		0.22
Certificate or associate's degree	48.3		40.1	14.1		0.20
Bachelor's degree or higher	32.7		24.6	8.0		0.14
Family socioeconomic status quintile
Lowest quintile	53.6		44.7	17.5		0.24
Middle three quintiles	44.8		35.7	12.3		0.19
Highest quintile	28.9		21.4	6.7		0.12
Language student first learned to speak
English only	41.1		32.8	11.2		0.19
Non-English only	50.8		40.3	15.4		0.21
English and non-English equally	45.5		36.5	15.5		0.19
Ever had disability or special need²
Yes	46.3		34.9	12.8		0.21
No	38.3		30.8	9.7		0.17
High school characteristics
Mathematics achievement quintile
Lowest fifth	64.3		52.9	25.3		0.29
Middle three-fifths	47.7		38.4	12.2		0.18
Highest fifth	17.3		11.7	3.2		0.08
Cumulative high school grade point average
Lower than 2.50	61.9		50.3	21.0		0.27
2.50–2.99	48.1		39.1	14.1		0.18
3.00–3.49	34.9		27.7	7.4		0.12
3.50 or higher	17.9		12.3	2.8		0.06
Sector of last high school
Public	42.5		33.8	11.8		0.20
Private	26.3		20.7	4.3		0.10
High school credential type
Regular high school diploma	40.8		32.4	11.1		0.19
GED and other high school equivalency	57.4		47.2	16.8		0.32
Timing of high school completion³
On time or early	41.1		32.6	11.2		0.19
Delayed	49.1		40.7	15.3		0.30	!
Postsecondary enrollment characteristics
Control and level of first postsecondary institution⁴
Public 2-year	60.5		48.3	19.8		0.25
Public 4-year	33.3		27.6	6.8		0.12
Private nonprofit 4-year	23.8		17.2	5.0		0.10
Private for-profit	22.4		15.5	7.2		0.19
Other⁵	24.0	!	‡	‡		‡	!
First academic year in postsecondary education
Prior to 2013–14	54.5		41.3	18.0		0.18
2013–14	40.9		32.7	11.8		0.18
2014–15	51.7		43.0	11.3		0.29
2015–16 or later	38.6		30.5	5.3		0.32
State where student attended high school⁶
National (public schools only)	43.8		34.9	12.6		0.20
California	52.3		39.8	20.0		0.21
Florida	41.0		35.0	7.8		0.16
Georgia	37.4		26.9	6.7	!	0.17
Michigan	43.4		37.8	12.0		0.21
North Carolina	41.1		30.1	11.3		0.25
Ohio	41.4		36.5	11.0		0.23
Pennsylvania	37.2		30.4	14.7		0.20
Tennessee	41.9		29.9	12.4		0.21
Texas	41.8		34.3	10.9		0.26
Washington	48.6		40.4	16.1		0.22
! Interpret data with caution. Estimate is unstable because the standard error is between 30 and 50 percent of the estimate.
‡ Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the standard error is greater than 50 percent of the estimate.
¹Black includes African American, Hispanic includes Latino, and Other includes American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, other Pacific Islander, and individuals who indicated Two or more races or Other. All race categories exclude Hispanic or Latino origin.
²This variable indicates if a student had a serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions; had been told by a health or education professional that he/she had ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) or ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder); had a learning disability; was deaf or had a serious difficulty hearing; was blind or had a serious difficulty seeing; or had any other disability or special need.
³On-time or early completion refers to students completing high school with a diploma, GED, certificate of attendance or completion, or other high school equivalency by August 31 of their scheduled graduation year (i.e., 2013). Delayed completion refers to students completing high school after August 31, 2013.
⁴First institution is the first known postsecondary institution attended based on postsecondary transcripts.
⁵Includes public less-than-2-year, private nonprofit 2-year, and private nonprofit less-than-2-year institutions.
⁶Base-year (2009) public school and student samples are state representative for a subset of 10 states listed in the table. Students attending public schools in all other states are included in the "National (public schools only)" category.
NOTE: Remedial courses are precollege-level courses provided by postsecondary institutions to help academically underprepared students succeed in college-level courses. Estimates exclude students whose postsecondary enrollment was exclusively through dual or concurrent enrollment while in high school. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 (HSLS:09), Base Year, First Follow-Up, 2013 Update, High School Transcript Study, and Postsecondary Education Transcript Study and Student Financial Aid Records Data Collection.

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