Table E-39-1.  Percentage of first-year undergraduates who reported ever taking a remedial course, by level of institution, sex, and race/ethnicity: Academic years 2003–04 and 2007–08

Sex and race/ethnicity	2003–04								2007–08
	All institutions		4-year		2-year		Less-than 2-year		All institutions		4-year		2-year		Less-than 2-year
Total1	34.7		27.1		39.9		25.2		36.2		28.8		40.9		27.8
Sex
Male	32.9		24.3		38.4		24.5		32.8		24.1		37.4		31.1
Female	36.0		29.4		41.1		25.4		38.8		32.4		43.6		26.6
Race/ethnicity
White	31.7		25.0		36.2		25.5		31.3		24.2		35.8		24.0
Black	41.2		36.3		46.0		23.8		45.1		38.1		50.2		31.4
Hispanic	37.5		27.9		44.6		25.4		43.3		38.4		48.6		29.5
Asian	39.6		28.8		46.5		32.7		38.0		27.9		42.8		36.5
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	40.8		37.0		44.0		29.3		40.0		20.8	!	44.9		30.4
American Indian/Alaska Native	44.8		25.6		54.6		20.3		46.8		35.6		53.2		33.4
Two or more races	33.9		26.0		40.3		22.6		32.8		27.3		36.8		17.5
Race/ethnicity by sex
Male
White	30.2		22.3		35.3		25.7		28.2		20.2		32.7		24.6
Black	39.8		33.0		44.8		19.9		44.9		36.5		49.7		34.5
Hispanic	36.5		26.2		43.5		23.7		39.9		31.6		44.9		33.7
Asian	36.0		28.3		40.1		44.0		35.2		21.9		40.9		36.1
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	40.4		‡		47.6		‡		35.8		‡		40.9		‡
American Indian/Alaska Native	33.3		24.0		40.2		‡		32.5		28.3		34.0		‡
Two or more races	30.5		17.7		38.8		23.3		26.5		19.0		30.8		‡
Female
White	32.9		27.3		36.9		25.3		34.0		27.6		38.6		23.8
Black	42.0		38.5		46.7		25.0		45.3		39.0		50.5		30.2
Hispanic	38.2		29.3		45.5		26.1		45.6		42.8		51.2		27.4
Asian	42.6		29.2		51.6		27.4		40.7		33.1		44.8		36.7
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	41.0		‡		41.2		‡		43.9		‡		48.6		‡
American Indian/Alaska Native	50.8		26.7	!	61.3		25.7		61.0		44.6		71.6		27.1	!
Two or more races	36.4		31.9		41.5		22.4		37.1		33.0		41.3		16.9

! Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is 30 percent or greater.

‡ Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases or the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater.

1Total includes other racial/ethnic groups not shown separately in the table.

NOTE: Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Data weighted by WTA000.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2003–04 and 2007–08 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:04 and NPSAS:08).