Table 1. Percentage distribution of children from birth through age 5 and not yet in kindergarten participating in various weekly nonparental care arrangements, by child and family characteristics: 2005
Characteristic	Number of children (thousands)	No weekly nonparental care arrangement	At least one weekly nonparental care arrangement	Distribution of weekly nonparental care arrangement, by type1
				Relative	Nonrelative	Center-based2
Total	20,665	40	60	35	22	60
Child’s age
Less than 1 year	3,519	58	42	48	33	28
1-2 years	8,080	47	53	39	30	43
3-5 years	9,066	27	73	29	15	78
Child’s sex
Male	10,598	40	60	33	22	62
Female	10,067	41	59	37	23	58
Child’s race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic	11,488	38	62	32	26	61
Black, non-Hispanic	2,962	31	69	38	15	63
Hispanic	4,283	51	49	41	20	51
Asian or Pacific Islander,    non-Hispanic	655	47	53	30	14	70
Other race, non-Hispanic3	1,278	40	60	43	15	63
Family type
Two parents	16,294	44	56	31	24	61
One parent	4,036	27	73	46	18	57
Nonparent guardian(s)	335	36	64	42	16	65
Parents’ language spoken most   at home4
Both/only parent(s) speak(s) English	17,620	37	63	35	23	60
One of two parents speaks English	565	63	37	29	11	66
No parent speaks English	2,480	58	42	32	21	56
Mother’s level of education5
Less than a high school	2,067	65	35	43	15	53
High school/GED	5,689	45	55	42	18	56
Vocational/technical or some college	5,663	38	62	38	22	56
Bachelor’s degree	4,321	34	66	26	23	69
Graduate or professional education   or degree	2,570	26	74	26	33	62
Mother’s school enrollment status5
Enrolled	2,502	24	76	38	18	63
Not enrolled	17,808	43	57	34	23	59
Mother’s employment status5
35 or more hours per week	7,168	15	85	36	27	56
Less than 35 hours per week	4,329	31	69	42	25	55
Looking for work	1,459	55	45	42	16	50
Not in the labor force	7,353	68	32	20	10	79
Mother’s work shift5, 6
Regular shift	9,787	18	82	37	27	56
Variable shift	1,711	37	63	47	24	51
Neighborhood conditions7
Concern regarding neighborhood   health and safety conditions	3,365	40	60	40	21	54
No concern regarding neighborhood   health and safety conditions	17,300	40	60	34	23	61
Household income
$25,000 or less	5,912	49	51	43	16	57
$25,001 to $50,000	5,256	47	53	42	19	55
$50,001 to $75,000	4,307	39	61	31	27	58
$75,001 to $100,000	2,445	27	73	26	26	63
$100,001 or more	2,746	21	79	26	27	70
Poverty status8
At or above poverty threshold	15,900	37	63	33	24	61
Below poverty threshold	4,766	51	49	44	16	57
1Children may have more than one nonparental care arrangement of the same type or more than one nonparental care arrangement of different types. 2Center-based arrangements include day care centers, Head Start programs, preschools, prekindergartens, and other early childhood programs. 3"Other race, non-Hispanic" includes children who were multiracial and not of Hispanic ethnicity, or who were American Indian or Alaska Native, or were not Hispanic, White, Black, Asian, or Pacific Islander. 4Complete descriptions of the categories for parents’ language are as follows: (1) "Both/only parent(s) learned English as child(ren) or currently speak(s) English in the home," (2) "One of two parents learned English as a child or currently speaks English in the home," and (3) "No parent learned English as a child and both/only parent(s) currently speak(s) a non-English language in the home." 5Children without mothers living in the household are not included in estimates related to mother’s education, enrollment, employment status, or work shift. 6Work shifts were collapsed into two categories: regular and variable work shifts. A regular work shift is one with set hours. A variable shift is one that changes from days to evenings or nights regardless of whether the hours are set by the employer or the employee. 7Parents or guardians respond "yes" or "no" to the question: "Are there any conditions in your neighborhood that make you worried about the health or safety of ((CHILD)/any of the children) in your household?" 8Children are considered poor if they were living in households with incomes below the poverty threshold, which is a dollar amount determined by the federal government to meet the household’s needs, given its size and composition. NOTE: Estimates include children from birth through age 5 and not yet in kindergarten. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Early Childhood Program Participation Survey of the National Household Education Surveys Program (ECPP-NHES:2005).