Among the many resources that could be used in mathematics lessons, calculators were used in more lessons in the Netherlands than in the other countries, and computers were used in relatively few eighth-grade mathematics lessons across all the countries.

Eighth-grade Dutch students frequently used calculators for computation during their mathematics lessons. Calculators were used in 91 percent of lessons-a rate higher than in any of the other countries for which reliable estimates could be determined. Use of computational calculators in the other countries ranged from 31 to 56 percent of lessons, with too few cases in Japan to report a reliable estimate. Graphing calculators were rarely observed in the eighth-grade mathematics lessons, except in the United States where they were used in 6 percent of lessons. Computers were actually used, rather than simply present, in relatively few of the eighth-grade mathematics lessons across the countries. Nonetheless, they were incorporated into 9 percent of Japanese lessons, 5 percent of Hong Kong SAR lessons, 4 percent of Australian lessons, and 2 percent of Swiss lessons. In the other countries, computers were used too infrequently to produce reliable estimates.