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| This article was originally published as the Summary of the E.D. TAB of the same name. The universe data are from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). | |||
Introduction
This report presents findings from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) winter 2002-03 data collection that included both primary occupational activity information for staff1 employed in fall 2002 and salaries and fringe benefits of full-time instructional faculty2 for academic year 2002-03. The data included in this publication were collected through the IPEDS web-based data collection system. IPEDS began collecting data in 1985 from all postsecondary institutions in the United States (the 50 states and the District of Columbia) and its outlying areas.3 Prior to that, institutions of higher education provided data through the Higher Education General Information Surveys (HEGIS), which began in 1966. IPEDS defines a postsecondary institution as an organization that is open to the public and has a primary mission of providing education or training beyond the high school level. This includes institutions that offer academic, vocational, and continuing professional education programs and excludes institutions that offer only avocational (leisure) and adult basic education programs. Since 1992, participation in IPEDS has been required for all postsecondary institutions and central or system offices that participate in Title IV federal student financial aid programs, such as Pell Grants or Stafford Loans.4 During the 2002-03 academic year, 6,508 institutions and 80 central or system offices were required to participate in IPEDS. Because 2 of these institutions closed after the 2002-03 collection cycle began, 6,506 institutions were expected to participate in the winter 2002-03 collection. Moreover, the 80 central or system offices were not required to participate because neither of the two required component surveys-Employees by Assigned Position (EAP) and Salaries-was applicable to them. The EAP component was required of all 6,506 Title IV institutions, and 6,405-or 98.4 percent- responded. The Salaries component was required of all 4-year Title IV institutions and the 2-year degree-granting Title IV institutions; note that less-than-4-year institutions granting only certificates are not surveyed. In addition, institutions are not required to respond to the Salaries component if all instructional faculty are part-time, contribute their services, are in the military, or teach clinical or preclinical medicine. For the winter 2002-03 collection, 4,102 institutions were required to complete the Salaries component. Of these, 4,052-or 98.8 percent-responded. The Fall Staff component, which is applicable to Title IV institutions that employ 15 or more full-time staff, was optional during the winter 2002-03 collection.5 Because the Fall Staff component is not required of all Title IV institutions, the EAP component was designed to collect annual data on the total number of employees in Title IV postsecondary institutions. Tabulations in this report present selected data collected during the winter 2002-03 IPEDS collection about staff employed at Title IV institutions6 in the United States. Degree-granting institutions (those offering associate's, bachelor's, master's, doctor's, and first-professional degrees) are displayed separately in some tables. Summary data only are provided for institutions in the outlying areas. Employees in All Title IV Institutions
In fall 2002, the 6,506 Title IV institutions in the United States employed more than 2.9 million staff (table A). Institutions are asked to report employees in medical schools separately from all others in the EAP component of IPEDS. Table A also indicates that institutions that do not have a medical school component employed nearly 2.1 million staff in fall 2002, while those with a medical school component employed 826,600 staff. Freestanding medical schools employed an additional 19,800 staff in 2002. Overall, 10 percent of all staff, or about 286,400 people, were employed in medical schools. In the tables in this publication, institutions or their components will be referred to either as "medical schools" (those that are freestanding plus the medical school component that is affiliated with an institution of higher education) or as "institutions (excluding medical schools)," which include those with no medical school component and the nonmedical component of institutions with a medical school. | |||
Table A. Employees in all Title IV institutions, by school type, employment status, and control and level of institution: United States, fall 2002
NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Winter 2002–03.
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Just over 70 percent of all staff were employed full time in fall 2002. Approximately 66 percent of all staff were employed by public institutions, 30 percent were employed by private not-for-profit institutions, and the remaining 4 percent were employed by private for-profit institutions. About 76 percent of staff were employed by 4-year institutions, 22 percent were employed by 2-year institutions, and the remaining 2 percent were employed by less-than-2-year institutions. More than 1.2 million, or 42 percent, of all employees in Title IV institutions in the United States were classified as faculty (either as primarily instruction, primarily research, primarily public service, or instruction combined with research and/or public service) (table B). About 30 percent of all employees were in positions classified as primarily instruction, 2 percent were primarily research, 1 percent were primarily public service, and 9 percent were instruction combined with research and/or public service. About 7 percent of all employees held executive, administrative, or managerial positions; 20 percent held other professional (support/service) positions; 7 percent held technical and paraprofessional positions; 15 percent held clerical/secretarial positions; 2 percent held skilled craft positions; and 8 percent held service maintenance positions. Title IV medical school employees had different patterns of activity compared to the majority of employees in Title IV institutions. For example, in Title IV institutions (excluding medical schools), 32 percent of employees were in positions classified as primarily instruction; however, in Title IV medical schools, 11 percent of employees were in positions classified as primarily instruction. Also, a higher proportion of employees in Title IV medical schools were in positions classified as instruction combined with research and/or public service (17 percent), compared to about 8 percent of employees in the same positions in Title IV institutions (excluding medical schools). Patterns also varied by control of institution. About 54 percent of all employees in private for-profit institutions held positions classified as primarily instruction, while about 29 percent held similar positions in public and private not-for-profit institutions. The private sector institutions employed higher percentages of staff with executive/administrative/managerial functions: 12 percent in the for-profit institutions and 9 percent in the not-for-profit institutions, compared to 5 percent in public institutions. One of the major differences between full-time and part-time employees involved those in positions classified as primarily instruction. More than half of all part-time employees (56 percent) were in positions classified as primarily instruction, compared to 20 percent of full-time employees. However, a greater proportion of full-time than part-time employees held positions classified as other professional (support/service)-24 percent and 10 percent, respectively.
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Table B. Employees in all Title IV institutions, by school type, employment status, control of institution, and primary function/occupational activity: United States, fall 2002
#Rounds to zero. 1Includes institutions with no medical school component and the nonmedical component of institutions with a medical school. 2Includes freestanding medical schools and the medical school component affiliated with an institution of higher education. NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Winter 2002–03. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Full-Time Professional Employees in Title IV Degree-Granting Institutions
About 1.1 million full-time professionals7 were employed in Title IV degree-granting institutions (excluding medical schools) in fall 2002, and another 169,000 professionals were employed full time in Title IV medical schools (table C). In Title IV degree-granting institutions, 24 percent of full-time professional employees in institutions other than medical schools were tenured, while 12 percent of full-time professional employees in medical schools were tenured. Public institutions (excluding medical schools) reported that more than 27 percent of their full-time professional employees were tenured, while 21 percent of these employees in private not-for-profit institutions were tenured, and only 1 percent in the private for-profit institutions were tenured. The proportion of tenured employees was smaller for medical schools regardless of institutional control (about 13 percent in public institutions and 10 percent in private not-for-profit institutions). Among the full-time professional employees in institutions (excluding medical schools), 67 percent were employed in public institutions, 30 percent were employed in private not-for-profit institutions, and the remaining 3 percent were employed in private for-profit institutions (figure A). Of the professional staff employed by medical schools, 58 percent were employed in public institutions, 42 percent were employed in private not-for-profit institutions, and less than 1 percent (17 employees) were employed in private for-profit institutions. |
Table C. Full-time professional employees in Title IV degree-granting institutions, by control of institution, school type, and faculty status: United States, fall 2002
1Includes institutions with no medical school component and the nonmedical component of institutions with a medical school. 2Includes freestanding medical schools and the medical school component affiliated with an institution of higher education. NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Professional employees include those whose primary function or occupational activity is classified as either faculty (including primarily instruction, instruction combined with research and/or public service, primarily research, and primarily public service); executive/administrative/managerial; and other professional. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Winter 2002–03.
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Figure A. Full-time professional employees in Title IV degree-granting institutions, by school type and control of institution: United States, fall 2002
Salaries of Full-Time Instructional Faculty
During the 2002-03 academic year, full-time instructional faculty on 9/10-month contracts earned an average salary of about $61,000, while full-time instructional faculty on 11/12-month contracts earned an average salary of about $70,000 (table D). As expected, salaries varied by rank, with faculty holding higher ranks earning higher average salaries. Among full-time instructional faculty on 9/10-month contracts, professors earned an average salary of $83,000, associate professors earned an average salary of $60,000, assistant professors averaged $51,000, instructors averaged $48,000, and lecturers earned an average salary of $43,000. Full-time instructional faculty on 9/10-month contracts who work at institutions without standard academic ranks (no academic rank) earned an average salary of $46,000. Those on 11/12-month contracts earned the following average salaries: professors-$100,000; associate professors-$77,000; assistant professors-$66,000; instructors-$45,000; and lecturers-$52,000. Full-time instructional faculty on 11/12-month contracts who work at institutions without standard academic ranks (no academic rank) earned an average salary of $47,000. |
Table D. Average salaries of full-time instructional faculty on 9/10- and 11/12-month contracts in Title IV degree-granting institutions, by gender, control of institution, and academic rank: United States, academic year 2002–03
†Not applicable. There are no faculty members in this cell. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Winter 2002–03.
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On average, men generally earned higher average salaries than women regardless of contract length or rank. Overall, male faculty with 9/10-month contracts earned an average salary of $66,000, while female faculty with contracts of the same length earned an average salary of $54,000. Likewise, male faculty with 11/12-month contracts earned an average salary of $75,000, while female faculty with contracts of the same length earned an average salary of $61,000. Similarly, male professors with 9/10-month contracts earned an average salary of $86,000, while female professors with contracts of the same length earned an average salary of $75,000. Male professors with 11/12-month contracts earned an average salary of $103,000, while female professors with contracts of the same length earned an average salary of $87,000. In general, public and private not-for-profit faculty earned higher average salaries than private for-profit faculty, regardless of contract length or rank. Faculty with 9/10-month contracts at public institutions earned an average salary of $60,000, and those at private not-for-profit institutions earned $65,000, while those at private for-profit institutions earned average salaries of $40,000. Likewise, faculty with 11/12-month contracts at public institutions earned an average salary of $78,000, and those at private not-for-profit institutions earned $69,000, while those at private for-profit institutions earned average salaries of $37,000. Professors at public institutions with 9/10-month contracts earned an average salary of $81,000, and those at private not-for-profit institutions earned $89,000, while those at private for-profit institutions earned average salaries of $46,000. Professors at public institutions with 11/12-month contracts earned an average salary of $107,000, and those at private not-for-profit institutions earned $88,000, while those at private for-profit institutions earned average salaries of $56,000. Overall, between 2001-02 and 2002-03, average salaries of full-time instructional faculty with 11/12-month contracts rose slightly more than average salaries of those with 9/10-month contracts (3.5 percent compared to 2.7 percent) (data derived from table E). Likewise, considering full-time instructional faculty employed at public and private not-for-profit institutions, average salaries of those with 11/12-month contracts rose 3.6 percent and 6.1 percent, respectively, while average salaries of those with 9/10-month contracts rose 2.5 percent and 2.7 percent, respectively, during this period. |
Table E. Change in average salaries of full-time instructional faculty on 9/10- and 11/12-month contracts in Title IV degree-granting institutions, by control of institution and academic rank: United States, academic years 2001–02 and 2002–03
† Not applicable. There are no faculty members in this cell. NOTE: Average salaries data should be used with caution; some averages may represent small numbers of individuals. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Winter 2001–02 and Winter 2002–03. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Footnotes 1The term "staff," as used in this report, is synonymous with employees and includes faculty. 2Instructional faculty are those whose specific assignments customarily are made for the purpose of providing instruction or teaching, or for whom it is not possible to differentiate between teaching, research, and public service because each of these functions is an integral component of their regular assignment. 3The outlying areas are American Samoa, the Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, the Marshall Islands, the Northern Marianas, Palau, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. 4Institutions participating in Title IV programs are accredited by an agency or organization recognized by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Education, have a program of over 300 clock hours or 8 credit hours, have been in business for at least 2 years, and have a signed Program Participation Agreement (PPA) with the Office of Postsecondary Education (OPE), U.S. Department of Education. 5Fall Staff data are required biannually, in odd-numbered years. 6Title IV institutions described in this report include the 6,506 Title IV institutions, all of which are required to complete the Employees by Assigned Position component; of these, 4,102 Title IV institutions are required to complete the Salaries component.
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