• Participation in Formal Education
• Elementary/Secondary Education
• Postsecondary Education
• Graduates, Degrees, and Attainment
• Education Expenditures

The publication contains information on a variety of subjects in the field of education statistics, including the number of schools and colleges, teachers, enrollments, and graduates, in addition to educational attainment, finances, federal funds for education, libraries, and international education. Supplemental information on population trends, attitudes on education, education characteristics of the labor force, government finances, and economic trends provides background for evaluating education data.

In addition to updating many of the statistics that have appeared in previous years, this edition contains a significant amount of new material, including

• average salary for full-time public school teachers, by highest degree and years of experience;
• number and characteristics of public charter schools;
• total and current expenditures per student, by function and state;
• revenue of private for-profit degree-granting institutions, by source;
• expenditures of private for-profit degree-granting institutions, by purpose;
• civics knowledge and engagement of 14-year-old students, by country;
• average reading, mathematics, and science literacy scores of 15-year-olds, by country;
• distribution of 15-year-olds at reading literacy proficiency levels, by country; and
• use of the Internet by persons age 3 and over, by population characteristics.

In the fall of 2002, about 69.2 million persons were enrolled in American schools and colleges (table A). About 4.3 million were employed as elementary and secondary school teachers and as college faculty. Other professional, administrative, and support staff of educational institutions numbered 4.8 million. Thus about 78.3 million people were involved, directly or indirectly, in providing or receiving formal education. In a nation with a population of about 288 million,more than 1 out of every 4 persons participated in formal education. All data for 2002 in this article are projected.

Enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools rose 21 percent between 1985 and 2002. The fastest public school growth occurred in the elementary grades (prekindergarten through grade 8), where enrollment rose 25 percent over the same period, from 27.0 million to 33.8 million. Private school enrollment grew more slowly than public school enrollment over this period, rising 7 percent, from 5.6 million in 1985 to 6.0 million in 2002. As a result, the proportion of students enrolled in private schools declined slightly, from 12 percent in 1985 to 11 percent in 2002.

Since the enrollment rates of kindergarten and elementary school-age children have not changed much in recent years, increases in public and private elementary school enrollment have been driven primarily by increases in the number of children in this age group. Public secondary school enrollment declined 8 percent from 1985 to 1990, but then rose 22 percent from 1990 to 2002, for a net increase of 12 percent.

NCES forecasts record levels of total elementary and secondary enrollment for the next several years as the school-age population crests. The projected fall 2002 public school enrollment marks a new record, and new records are expected every year through 2005. Public elementary school enrollment is projected to decline slowly until the later part of the decade and then increase, so that the fall 2012 projection is slightly lower than the 2002 enrollment. In contrast, public secondary school enrollment is expected to increase 2 percent between 2002 and 2012.

A projected 3.5 million elementary and secondary school teachers were engaged in classroom instruction in the fall of 2002. This number has risen in recent years, up about 27 percent since 1990. The number of public school teachers in 2002 was 3.1 million, and the number of private school teachers was about 0.4 million.

The number of public school teachers has risen slightly faster than the number of students over the past 10 years, resulting in small declines in the pupil/teacher ratio. In the fall of 2001, there were an estimated 15.9 public school pupils per teacher, compared with 17.3 public school pupils per teacher 10 years earlier. Over the same period, the pupil/teacher ratio in private schools increased from 14.9 to 15.2. Data from the last half of the 1990s show a continuation of the historical trend toward lower public school pupil/teacher ratios, which had been stable during the late 1980s and early 1990s.

The salaries of public school teachers, which lost purchasing power to inflation during the 1970s, rose faster than the inflation rate in the 1980s. Since 1990–91, salaries for teachers have generally maintained pace with inflation. The average salary for teachers in 2001–02 was $44,604, about 2 percent higher than in 1991–92, after adjustment for inflation.

Most of the student performance data in the Digest are drawn from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). The NAEP assessments have been conducted using three basic designs. The main NAEP reports current information for the nation and specific geographic regions of the country. It includes students drawn from both public and nonpublic schools and reports results for student achievement at grades 4, 8, and 12. The main NAEP assessments follow the frameworks developed by the National Assessment Governing Board and use the latest advances in assessment methodology.

Since 1990, NAEP assessments have also been conducted at the state level. States that choose to participate receive assessment results that report on the performance of students in that state. In its content, the state assessment is identical to the assessment conducted nationally. However, because the national NAEP samples prior to 2002 were not designed to support the reporting of accurate and representative state-level results, separate representative samples of students were selected for each participating jurisdiction/state and additional students needed to yield national estimates were selected from nonparticipating states.

NAEP long-term trend assessments are designed to give information on changes in the basic achievement of America's youth since the early 1970s. They are administered nationally and report student performance at ages 9, 13, and 17 and in grades 4, 8, and 11 in writing. Measuring trends of student achievement or change over time requires the precise replication of past procedures. Therefore, the long-term trend instrument does not evolve based on changes in curricula or in educational practices.

Reading. Overall achievement scores on the long-term trend reading assessment for the country's 9-, 13-, and 17-year-old students are mixed. Reading performance scores for 9- and 13-year-olds were higher in 1999 than they were in 1971. However, there were no detectable differences between their 1999 and 1984 scores. There was no detectable difference in the reading performance of 17-year-olds in 1999 compared to 1971.

Black 9-, 13-, and 17-year-olds exhibited higher reading performance in 1999 than in 1971. However, performance for all three age groups in 1999 was not significantly different from that in 1984. The performance levels of White 9- and 13-year-olds also rose between 1971 and 1999. Separate data for Hispanics were not gathered in 1971, but changes between 1975 and 1999 indicate an increase in performance among 9-, 13-, and 17-year-olds. There was no significant difference between the 1984 and 1999 reading performance of 9-, 13-, and 17-year-old Hispanics.

Mathematics. Results from assessments of mathematics proficiency indicate that scores of 9-, 13, and 17-year-old students were higher in 1999 than in 1973. No difference was detected between the scores in 1994 and 1999. This pattern was similar for White, Black, and Hispanic students.

A NAEP assessment of states in 2000 found that mathematics proficiency varied widely among eighth-graders in the 44 participating jurisdictions (39 states, American Samoa, Guam, Department of Defense overseas and domestic schools, and the District of Columbia). Overall, 65 percent of these eighth-grade students performed at or above the Basic level in mathematics, and 26 percent performed at or above the Proficient level.¹ Only four jurisdictions (one state, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, and Guam) had significantly fewer than 50 percent of students performing at least at the Basic level in math.

Science. Long-term changes in science performance have been mixed, though scores over the past 10 years have been stable for two out of the three age groups. In 1999, science performance among 17-year-olds was lower than in 1969, but higher than in 1990. No difference was detected between the science performance of 13-year-olds in 1999 compared to 1970 or 1990. The science performance of 9-year-olds increased between 1970 and 1999, but there was no significant difference between 1990 and 1999.

International comparisons. The 1999 Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS 1999²), which was conducted 4 years after the original TIMSS, focuses on the mathematics and science achievement of eighth-graders in 38 countries. In TIMSS 1999, the international average score of the 38 participating countries was 487 in mathematics and 488 in science. In 1999, U.S. eighth-graders, on average, scored higher in both mathematics and science than the international average of the 38 countries. In mathematics, the average U.S. score was higher than the score in 17 countries, no different from the score in 6 countries, and lower than the score in 14 countries. In science, the average U.S. score was higher than the score in 18 countries, no different from the score in 5 countries, and lower than the score in 14 countries.

College enrollment hit a record level of 15.3 million in fall 2000 and another record of 15.6 million in 2002. College enrollment is expected to increase by an additional 13 percent between 2002 and 2012. Despite decreases in the traditional collegeage population during the 1980s and early 1990s, total enrollment increased during this period because of the high enrollment rate of older women and recent high school graduates. Between 1990 and 2000, the number of fulltime students increased by 15 percent compared to a 5 percent increase in part-time students.

In the fall of 1999, there were 1,028,000 faculty members in degree-granting institutions. Making up this figure were 591,000 full-time and 437,000 part-time faculty. In 1998, full-time instructional faculty and staff generally taught more hours and more students than part-time instructors, with 21 percent of full-time instructors teaching 15 or more hours per week and 13 percent teaching 150 or more students. About 9 percent of part-time instructors taught 15 or more hours per week, and 4 percent taught 150 or more students.

The estimated number of high school graduates in 2001–02 totaled 2.9 million. Approximately 2.6 million graduated from public schools, and 0.3 million graduated from private schools. The number of high school graduates has declined from its peak in 1976–77, when 3.2 million students earned diplomas. In contrast, the number of General Educational Development (GED) credentials issued rose from 332,000 in 1977 to 648,000 in 2001. The dropout rate also declined over this period, from 14 percent of all 16- to 24-year-olds in 1977 to 11 percent in 2001. The number of postsecondary degrees conferred during the 2001–02 school year by degree level has been projected: 619,000 associate's degrees; 1,282,000 bachelor's degrees; 468,000 master's degrees; 80,800 first-professional degrees; and 44,900 doctor's degrees.

The U.S. Census Bureau collects annual statistics on the educational attainment of the population. Between 1990 and 2001, the proportion of the adult population 25 years of age and over who had completed high school rose from 78 percent to 84 percent, and the proportion of adults with a bachelor's degree increased from 21 percent to 26 percent. Over the same period, the proportion of young adults (25- to 29-year-olds) completing high school showed a small increase of about 2 percentage points, to 88 percent in 2001, and the proportion completing bachelor's degrees rose from 23 percent to 29 percent.

Expenditures for public and private education, from kindergarten through graduate school (excluding postsecondary schools not awarding associate's or higher degrees), are estimated at $745 billion for 2001–02. The expenditures of elementary and secondary schools are expected to total $454 billion for 2001–02, while those of colleges and universities are expected to total $291 billion. The total expenditures for education are expected to amount to 7.4 percent of the gross domestic product in 2001–02, about the same percentage as in the recent past.