The following reports and surveys from the National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education (except where noted otherwise) were used as sources for this document.
Table 1: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 105.30), Common Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary and Secondary Education,” 1985–86 through 2015–16; National Elementary and Secondary Enrollment Projection Model, 1972 through 2027.
Table 2: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 105.30), Private Schools in American Education; Private School Universe Survey (PSS), 1989–90 through 2015–16; National Elementary and Secondary Enrollment Projection Model, 1972 through 2027.
Table 3: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 105.30), National Elementary and Secondary Enrollment Projection Model, 1972 through 2027.
Table 4: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 202.10), U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey (CPS), October 1990 through October 2016.
Table 5: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 103.20), U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey (CPS), October 1990 through October 2016.
Table 6: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 203.50), Common Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education,” 1995–96, 2005–06, and 2015–16.
Table 7: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 204.30), Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary School Systems, 1977–78 and 1980–81; Common Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education,” 1990–91 through 2015–16. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, selected years, 1977 through 1996; and Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) database, retrieved July 10, 2017, from https://www2.ed.gov/programs/osepidea/618-data/state-level-data-files/index.html#bcc.
Table 8: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 303.30), Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:90), and Spring 2001, Spring 2011, and Spring 2017, Enrollment component.
Table 9: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 303.25), Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:90), and Spring 2001, Spring 2011, and Spring 2017, Enrollment component.
Table 10: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 103.20), U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey (CPS), October 1985 through October 2016.
Table 11: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 303.40), Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2001, Spring 2011 and Spring 2017, Enrollment component; and Enrollment in Degree-Granting Institutions Projection Model, 2000 through 2027. U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey (CPS), October, 2000, 2010, and 2016.
Table 12: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 306.10), Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:90), Spring 2001, Spring 2011, and Spring 2017, Enrollment component.
Table 13: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 303.70), Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:90–99), and Spring 2001 through Spring 2017, Enrollment component.
Table 14: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 303.80), Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:90–99), and Spring 2001 through Spring 2017, Enrollment component.
Table 15: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 208.20), Common Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education,” 1990–91 through 2015–16; Private School Universe Survey (PSS), 1989–90 through 2015–16.
Table 16: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 211.20), Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS), “Public School Teacher Data File,” 1990–91, 1999–2000, 2003–04, 2007–08, and 2011–12; “Charter School Teacher Data File, ” 1999–2000, and National Teacher and Principal Survey (NTPS), “Public School Teacher Data File,” 2015–16. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index.
Table 17: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 209.20), National Teacher and Principal Survey (NTPS), “Public School Teacher Data File,” 2015–16.
Table 18: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 209.20), Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS), “Private School Teacher Data File,” 2011–12.
Table 19: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 314.30), Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2017, Human Resources component, Fall Staff section.
Tables 20 and 21: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 316.10), Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Salaries, Tenure, and Fringe Benefits of Full-Time Instructional Faculty Survey” (IPEDS-SA:90–99), and Winter 2002–03 through Winter 2011–12, Spring 2013 through Spring 2017, Human Resources component, Salaries section. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index.
Table 22: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (tables 221.10 and 221.12), National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 1992, 2013, and 2017 Reading Assessments, retrieved April 20, 2017, from the NAEP Data Explorer (https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/ndecore/landing).
Table 23: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (tables 222.10 and 222.12), National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 1990, 2013, and 2017 Mathematics Assessments, retrieved April 20, 2017, from the Main NAEP Data Explorer (https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/ndecore/landing).
Table 24: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 223.10), National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 2015 Science Assessment, retrieved January 10, 2017, from the Main NAEP Data Explorer (https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/ndecore/landing).
Table 25: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 225.50), High School and Beyond Longitudinal Study of 1980 Sophomores (HS&B-So:80/82), “High School Transcript Study”; and 1998, 2005, and 2009 High School Transcript Study (HSTS).
Table 26: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 219.10), Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary School Systems, 1976–77 and 1979–80; Statistics of Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary Schools, 1976 through 1980; Common Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education,” 1984–85 through 2009–10; “State Dropout and Completion Data File,” 2005–06 through 2012–13; Private School Universe Survey (PSS), 1989 through 2015; and National High School Graduates Projection Model, 1972–73 through 2027–28.
Table 27: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 219.70), U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey (CPS), October 1975 through October 2016.
Tables 28 and 29: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 318.10), Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred” surveys, 1979–80 and 1984–85; and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Completions Survey” (IPEDS-C:90–98), and Fall 2000 through Fall 2016, Completions component.
Table 30: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 104.10 and 104.20), U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey (CPS), March 1980 through March 2017.
Table 31: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 106.10), Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, 1980–81 and 1985–86; Common Core of Data (CCD), “National Public Education Financial Survey,” 1990–91 through 2014–15; Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education, 1980–81 and 1985–86; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Finance Survey” (IPEDS-F:FY91–99), and Spring 2002 through Spring 2017. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts Tables, retrieved May 1, 2018, from https://www.bea.gov/iTable/index_nipa.cfm.
Table 32: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 235.10), Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, 1970–71 through 1985–86; Common Core of Data (CCD), “National Public Education Financial Survey,” 1986–87 through 2014–15.
Table 33: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 236.55), Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, 1970–71 through 1985–86; Common Core of Data (CCD), “National Public Education Financial Survey,” 1986–87 through 2014–15. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index.
Table 34: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 333.10), Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2016, Enrollment component and Spring 2017, Finance component. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index.
Table 35: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 333.40), Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2016, Enrollment component and Spring 2017, Finance component. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index.
Table 36: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 333.55), Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2016, Enrollment component and Spring 2017, Finance component. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index.
Table 37: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 334.10), Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2016, Enrollment component and Spring 2017, Finance component. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index.
Table 38: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 334.30), Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2016, Enrollment component and Spring 2017, Finance component. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index.
Table 39: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 334.50), Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2016, Enrollment component and Spring 2017, Finance component. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index.
Table 40: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (table 330.10), Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:96), “Institutional Characteristics Survey” (IPEDS-IC:96), Spring 2007 and Spring 2017, Enrollment component, and Fall 2006 and Fall 2016, Institutional Characteristics component. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index.
Table 41: Digest of Education Statistics, 2017 (tables 331.60 and 332.30), 2015–16 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:16).
Table 42: Digest of Education Statistics, 2016 (table 401.10), U.S. Department of Education, Budget Service. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, unpublished tabulations. U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U.S. Government, Appendix, fiscal years 1967 through 2017. National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development, fiscal years 1967 through 2016.