---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Actual | Estimate
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------
Item | | | | | | | | | | Percent
| 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | change,
| | | | | | | | | | 1995 to
| | | | | | | | | | 1996
-------------------------------------------------------------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11
-------------------------------------------------------------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------
Total outlays for research, development, and | | | | | | | | | |
R & D plant ...............................................|$56,556.6 |$61,476.4 |$64,276.5 |$64,292.3 |$65,719.0 |$68,385.8 |$68,335.9 |$69,661.1 |$70,012.7 | 0.5
| | | | | | | | | |
Research and development .................................| 54,739.4 | 59,450.4 | 62,246.8 | 61,130.4 | 62,934.5 | 65,241.3 | 66,158.8 | 67,399.9 | 67,652.9 | 0.4
R & D plant ..............................................| 1,817.2 | 2,026.1 | 2,029.7 | 3,162.0 | 2,784.5 | 3,144.5 | 2,177.1 | 2,261.2 | 2,359.8 | 4.4
|==========|==========|==========|==========|==========|==========|==========|==========|==========|==========
Total obligations for research, development, and | | | | | | | | | |
R & D plant ...............................................| 58,992.2 | 63,570.9 | 65,950.9 | 64,990.5 | 68,577.2 | 70,414.7 | 69,427.0 | 73,028.7 | 70,906.0 | -2.9
|==========|==========|==========|==========|==========|==========|==========|==========|==========|==========
Research and development obligations ......................| 56,935.1 | 61,405.8 | 63,667.3 | 61,295.2 | 65,592.6 | 67,314.0 | 67,255.8 | 70,093.9 | 68,842.4 | -1.8
|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------
Performers | | | | | | | | | |
Federal intramural\1\ ..................................| 14,280.9 | 13,184.5 | 16,002.5 | 15,238.1 | 15,690.1 | 16,556.2 | 16,139.1 | 16,962.3 | 16,287.3 | -4.0
Industrial firms .......................................| 26,719.2 | 30,484.4 | 29,378.3 | 26,420.6 | 29,744.8 | 30,326.1 | 30,454.4 | 31,771.1 | 31,159.8 | -1.9
FFRDCs\2\ administered by industrial firms .............| 1,911.3 | 1,960.0 | 2,237.6 | 2,068.3 | 2,009.8 | 1,451.3 | 1,293.5 | 1,192.3 | 1,287.3 | 8.0
Universities and colleges ..............................| 7,827.7 | 8,672.0 | 9,142.2 | 10,168.5 | 10,271.2 | 11,156.1 | 11,828.7 | 12,103.1 | 12,177.6 | 0.6
FFRDCs\2\ administered by universities and colleges ....| 3,473.9 | 3,497.1 | 3,466.4 | 3,603.8 | 3,855.5 | 3,666.5 | 3,292.9 | 3,479.7 | 3,514.7 | 1.0
Other nonprofit institutions ...........................| 1,682.6 | 1,999.1 | 2,249.6 | 2,637.4 | 2,803.6 | 2,811.9 | 2,929.6 | 3,068.6 | 2,916.2 | -5.0
FFRDCs\2\ administered by nonprofit institutions .......| 505.6 | 522.0 | 632.3 | 679.4 | 745.6 | 753.4 | 735.5 | 777.8 | 792.2 | 1.9
State and local governments ............................| 142.1 | 167.4 | 213.9 | 215.1 | 184.1 | 320.3 | 325.4 | 446.9 | 456.4 | 2.1
Foreign ................................................| 391.8 | 919.4 | 344.7 | 263.9 | 287.9 | 272.2 | 256.6 | 292.0 | 250.9 | -14.1
|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------
Research obligations ....................................| 18,650.0 | 20,765.4 | 21,738.9 | 23,968.4 | 24,490.6 | 26,890.5 | 27,440.4 | 27,803.9 | 28,270.9 | 1.7
Performers | | | | | | | | | |
Federal intramural\1\ ................................| 5,338.4 | 5,981.5 | 5,953.3 | 6,539.3 | 6,615.7 | 7,360.1 | 7,488.2 | 7,427.5 | 7,417.2 | -0.1
Industrial firms .....................................| 2,642.5 | 2,875.1 | 3,199.9 | 3,406.5 | 3,451.2 | 4,018.9 | 4,063.5 | 4,062.6 | 4,193.9 | 3.2
FFRDCs\2\ administered by industrial firms ...........| 455.2 | 519.8 | 542.7 | 624.6 | 592.4 | 795.8 | 737.2 | 704.4 | 711.1 | 1.0
Universities and colleges ............................| 7,022.9 | 7,793.2 | 8,141.5 | 8,867.5 | 9,060.7 | 9,844.1 | 10,323.5 | 10,657.0 | 10,932.5 | 2.6
FFRDCs\2\ administered by universities and colleges ..| 1,564.8 | 1,703.4 | 1,808.1 | 2,160.9 | 2,351.8 | 2,347.6 | 2,181.1 | 2,212.6 | 2,262.9 | 2.3
Other nonprofit institutions .........................| 1,299.8 | 1,519.7 | 1,662.2 | 1,925.9 | 2,049.6 | 2,041.3 | 2,094.9 | 2,113.5 | 2,132.1 | 0.9
FFRDCs\2\ administered by nonprofit institutions .....| 82.9 | 109.5 | 148.2 | 170.9 | 139.9 | 173.4 | 178.0 | 174.5 | 173.5 | -0.5
State and local governments ..........................| 103.1 | 121.2 | 126.4 | 129.3 | 109.3 | 211.8 | 230.8 | 306.4 | 311.8 | 1.7
Foreign ..............................................| 140.4 | 142.1 | 156.5 | 143.4 | 120.0 | 97.4 | 143.3 | 145.4 | 136.0 | -6.5
| | | | | | | | | |
Fields of science | | | | | | | | | |
Life sciences ........................................| 7,724.5 | 8,495.1 | 8,837.8 | 9,622.0 | 9,910.5 | 10,772.1 | 11,078.8 | 11,400.9 | 11,662.9 | 2.3
Psychology ...........................................| 389.8 | 421.7 | 448.6 | 482.4 | 298.1 | 550.7 | 550.2 | 581.8 | 584.5 | 0.5
Physical sciences ....................................| 3,317.3 | 3,705.2 | 3,808.7 | 4,235.3 | 4,439.2 | 4,427.0 | 6,792.7 | 5,988.2 | 6,253.0 | 4.4
Environmental sciences ...............................| 1,607.0 | 1,773.3 | 2,174.1 | 2,149.8 | 2,207.6 | 2,608.5 | 2,032.0 | 1,941.1 | 2,054.8 | 5.8
Mathematics and computer sciences ....................| 642.9 | 735.5 | 840.7 | 903.7 | 1,150.3 | 1,225.4 | 1,242.3 | 1,498.7 | 1,564.8 | 4.4
Engineering ..........................................| 3,956.3 | 4,442.0 | 4,335.2 | 4,944.5 | 4,977.0 | 5,499.4 | 4,023.3 | 4,536.9 | 4,290.8 | -5.4
Social sciences ......................................| 485.8 | 551.1 | 630.0 | 727.3 | 689.7 | 674.9 | 655.0 | 740.8 | 740.7 | -0.0
Other sciences .......................................| 526.5 | 641.6 | 663.7 | 903.4 | 806.3 | 1,132.5 | 1,066.1 | 1,115.5 | 1,119.6 | 0.4
|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------
Basic research obligations ............................| 9,473.6 | 10,602.0 | 11,285.6 | 12,170.8 | 12,489.9 | 13,399.1 | 13,552.9 | 13,569.1 | 14,037.4 | 3.5
Performers | | | | | | | | | |
Federal intramural\1\ ..............................| 2,050.3 | 2,370.7 | 2,366.0 | 2,446.5 | 2,397.0 | 2,605.1 | 2,505.0 | 2,468.0 | 2,505.8 | 1.5
Industrial firms ...................................| 596.9 | 773.2 | 887.5 | 949.9 | 920.3 | 959.2 | 1,109.1 | 891.5 | 983.1 | 10.3
FFRDCs\2\ administered by industrial firms .........| 133.0 | 166.7 | 175.4 | 209.1 | 187.8 | 237.3 | 237.6 | 251.2 | 255.0 | 1.5
Universities and colleges ..........................| 4,868.3 | 5,221.4 | 5,548.2 | 6,064.5 | 6,331.8 | 6,798.5 | 7,024.2 | 7,224.4 | 7,477.4 | 3.5
FFRDCs\2\ administered by universities and colleges | 989.8 | 1,098.1 | 1,227.3 | 1,306.2 | 1,394.1 | 1,437.8 | 1,336.0 | 1,359.8 | 1,394.0 | 2.5
Other nonprofit institutions .......................| 728.6 | 838.9 | 924.1 | 1,015.5 | 1,097.2 | 1,164.9 | 1,125.7 | 1,116.3 | 1,153.1 | 3.3
FFRDCs\2\ administered by nonprofit institutions ...| 17.7 | 42.2 | 59.2 | 80.8 | 65.5 | 71.3 | 73.9 | 79.6 | 82.5 | 3.6
State and local governments ........................| 42.7 | 43.6 | 50.4 | 49.1 | 42.4 | 71.7 | 75.2 | 111.8 | 120.5 | 7.8
Foreign ............................................| 46.3 | 47.4 | 47.6 | 49.1 | 53.8 | 53.3 | 66.1 | 66.4 | 65.9 | -0.7
| | | | | | | | | |
Fields of science | | | | | | | | | |
Life sciences ......................................| 4,501.8 | 4,915.7 | 5,177.5 | 5,433.6 | 5,841.7 | 6,288.8 | 6,429.8 | 6,610.8 | 6,845.5 | 3.5
Psychology .........................................| 177.8 | 187.1 | 215.1 | 225.5 | 122.6 | 246.8 | 247.4 | 259.9 | 264.1 | 1.6
Physical sciences ..................................| 2,199.6 | 2,506.5 | 2,661.5 | 2,881.5 | 2,951.4 | 2,907.1 | 3,649.2 | 3,295.5 | 3,447.6 | 4.6
Environmental sciences .............................| 872.7 | 1,016.9 | 1,274.8 | 1,263.5 | 1,303.6 | 1,533.5 | 997.2 | 999.4 | 1,015.1 | 1.6
Mathematics and computer sciences ..................| 313.2 | 349.8 | 406.9 | 426.1 | 481.4 | 511.3 | 503.6 | 547.6 | 569.1 | 3.9
Engineering ........................................| 1,006.2 | 1,183.7 | 1,101.5 | 1,233.7 | 1,249.8 | 1,207.4 | 1,061.7 | 1,157.6 | 1,173.1 | 1.3
Social sciences ....................................| 146.8 | 154.6 | 146.0 | 161.4 | 139.9 | 194.1 | 191.7 | 201.8 | 207.1 | 2.6
Other sciences .....................................| 255.5 | 291.7 | 302.3 | 545.6 | 399.4 | 510.1 | 472.4 | 496.4 | 515.8 | 3.9
|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------
Applied research obligations ..........................| 9,176.4 | 10,163.3 | 10,453.3 | 11,797.6 | 12,000.7 | 13,491.4 | 13,887.5 | 14,234.8 | 14,233.5 | -0.0
Performers | | | | | | | | | |
Federal intramural\1\ ..............................| 3,288.1 | 3,610.8 | 3,587.3 | 4,092.8 | 4,218.7 | 4,755.0 | 4,983.2 | 4,959.5 | 4,911.3 | -1.0
Industrial firms ...................................| 2,045.6 | 2,101.8 | 2,312.4 | 2,456.6 | 2,530.9 | 3,059.7 | 2,954.4 | 3,171.0 | 3,210.8 | 1.3
FFRDCs\2\ administered by industrial firms .........| 322.2 | 353.2 | 367.3 | 415.5 | 404.6 | 558.6 | 499.6 | 453.2 | 456.1 | 0.6
Universities and colleges ..........................| 2,154.6 | 2,571.8 | 2,593.4 | 2,803.0 | 2,728.9 | 3,045.5 | 3,299.3 | 3,432.6 | 3,455.0 | 0.7
FFRDCs\2\ administered by universities and colleges | 575.0 | 605.4 | 580.8 | 854.7 | 957.6 | 909.8 | 845.1 | 852.7 | 868.9 | 1.9
Other nonprofit institutions .......................| 571.2 | 680.8 | 738.1 | 910.4 | 952.5 | 876.4 | 969.2 | 997.2 | 979.0 | -1.8
FFRDCs\2\ administered by nonprofit institutions ...| 65.2 | 67.3 | 89.0 | 90.1 | 74.5 | 102.2 | 104.0 | 94.8 | 91.0 | -4.0
State and local governments ........................| 60.4 | 77.6 | 76.1 | 80.2 | 66.9 | 140.1 | 155.5 | 194.6 | 191.3 | -1.7
Foreign ............................................| 94.1 | 94.6 | 109.0 | 94.3 | 66.2 | 44.1 | 77.2 | 79.0 | 70.1 | -11.3
| | | | | | | | | |
Fields of science | | | | | | | | | |
Life sciences ......................................| 3,222.7 | 3,579.4 | 3,660.3 | 4,188.4 | 4,068.8 | 4,483.3 | 4,649.0 | 4,790.1 | 4,817.4 | 0.6
Psychology .........................................| 212.0 | 234.5 | 233.5 | 258.9 | 175.6 | 303.9 | 302.9 | 321.9 | 320.4 | -0.5
Physical sciences ..................................| 1,117.7 | 1,198.8 | 1,147.2 | 1,353.9 | 1,467.7 | 1,519.8 | 3,143.5 | 2,692.7 | 2,805.4 | 4.2
Environmental sciences .............................| 734.3 | 756.3 | 899.3 | 886.3 | 904.0 | 1,075.0 | 1,034.8 | 941.7 | 1,039.6 | 10.4
Mathematics and computer sciences ..................| 329.6 | 389.7 | 433.9 | 477.6 | 678.9 | 714.1 | 738.7 | 951.1 | 995.8 | 4.7
Engineering ........................................| 2,950.0 | 3,258.3 | 3,233.7 | 3,710.8 | 3,727.1 | 4,292.0 | 2,961.6 | 3,379.3 | 3,117.7 | -7.7
Social sciences ....................................| 339.0 | 396.4 | 484.0 | 566.0 | 549.8 | 480.8 | 463.3 | 538.9 | 533.6 | -1.0
Other sciences .....................................| 271.0 | 350.0 | 361.5 | 357.8 | 406.8 | 622.4 | 593.8 | 619.1 | 603.8 | -2.5
|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------
Development obligations .................................| 38,285.1 | 40,640.4 | 41,928.4 | 37,326.8 | 41,102.0 | 40,423.5 | 39,815.4 | 42,290.0 | 40,571.5 | -4.1
Performers | | | | | | | | | |
Federal intramural\1\ ................................| 8,942.5 | 7,203.0 | 10,049.2 | 8,698.8 | 9,074.4 | 9,196.2 | 8,650.9 | 9,534.9 | 8,870.2 | -7.0
Industrial firms .....................................| 24,076.7 | 27,609.3 | 26,178.4 | 23,014.1 | 26,293.6 | 26,307.2 | 26,390.9 | 27,708.6 | 26,965.9 | -2.7
FFRDCs\2\ administered by industrial firms ...........| 1,456.1 | 1,440.2 | 1,694.9 | 1,443.7 | 1,417.4 | 655.5 | 556.3 | 487.9 | 576.2 | 18.1
Universities and colleges ............................| 804.8 | 878.8 | 1,000.5 | 1,301.0 | 1,210.6 | 1,312.0 | 1,505.2 | 1,446.1 | 1,245.1 | -13.9
FFRDCs\2\ administered by universities and colleges ..| 1,909.1 | 1,793.6 | 1,658.3 | 1,442.9 | 1,503.7 | 1,318.9 | 1,111.8 | 1,267.1 | 1,251.8 | -1.2
Other nonprofit institutions .........................| 382.8 | 479.5 | 587.4 | 711.5 | 753.9 | 770.6 | 834.8 | 955.1 | 784.1 | -17.9
FFRDCs\2\ administered by nonprofit institutions .....| 422.7 | 412.4 | 484.0 | 508.5 | 605.7 | 580.0 | 557.6 | 603.3 | 618.7 | 2.6
State and local governments ..........................| 39.0 | 46.3 | 87.5 | 85.8 | 74.8 | 108.5 | 94.7 | 140.5 | 144.7 | 3.0
Foreign ..............................................| 251.4 | 777.3 | 188.1 | 120.5 | 167.9 | 174.8 | 113.3 | 146.6 | 114.9 | -21.7
|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------
R & D plant obligations ...................................| 2,057.1 | 2,165.1 | 2,283.6 | 3,695.4 | 2,984.6 | 3,100.7 | 2,171.2 | 2,934.8 | 2,063.6 | -29.7
Performers | | | | | | | | | |
Federal intramural\1\ ..................................| 319.6 | 329.5 | 359.9 | 461.1 | 506.2 | 432.0 | 392.6 | 576.1 | 365.4 | -36.6
Industrial firms .......................................| 719.5 | 900.4 | 884.0 | 1,889.2 | 1,014.4 | 1,048.2 | 746.8 | 1,276.1 | 705.7 | -44.7
FFRDCs\2\ administered by industrial firms .............| 204.3 | 212.3 | 231.0 | 279.6 | 202.2 | 124.4 | 119.4 | 104.0 | 92.9 | -10.7
Universities and colleges ..............................| 245.8 | 204.9 | 155.8 | 253.3 | 241.5 | 361.4 | 209.0 | 315.1 | 210.9 | -33.1
FFRDCs\2\ administered by universities and colleges ....| 535.3 | 489.9 | 495.8 | 624.6 | 579.5 | 619.5 | 608.8 | 558.3 | 578.7 | 3.7
Other nonprofit institutions ...........................| 23.7 | 14.2 | 121.3 | 154.6 | 393.9 | 415.6 | 20.9 | 32.3 | 23.4 | -27.8
FFRDCs\2\ administered by nonprofit institutions .......| 6.2 | 8.4 | 31.4 | 19.7 | 46.3 | 65.5 | 72.9 | 71.3 | 85.1 | 19.4
State and local governments ............................| 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 0.3
Foreign ................................................| 2.4 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 12.8 | 0.0 | 33.4 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0
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