---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
          |   Total    |                On-budget support\1\                  |     Off-budget support and nonfederal funds generated by federal programs      ||
          | on-budget  |------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------||Estimated
          |  support,  |          |          |         |         |            |         |  Off-   |                 Nonfederal funds                           || federal
 Fiscal   | off-budget |          |          |         |         |            |         | budget  |------------------------------------------------------------||   tax
   year   |support, and|  Total   |Elementary|  Post-  |  Other  |  Research  |  Total  | support |          |Perkins |  Income  |  State  |Supplemental|Work- || expendi-
          | nonfederal |          |   and    |secondary|education|     at     |         |---------| Federal  |Loans\4\|Contingent| Student |Educational |Study ||  tures
          |   funds    |          |secondary |         |         |educational |         | Federal |  Family  |        | Loans\5\ |Incentive|Opportunity |Aid\8\||   for
          | generated  |          |          |         |         |institutions|         | Direct  |Education |        |          |Grants\6\| Grants\7\  |      ||  educa-
          | by federal |          |          |         |         |            |         | Student |   Loan   |        |          |         |            |      || tion\9\
          |  programs  |          |          |         |         |            |         |Loans\2\ |Program\3\|        |          |         |            |      ||
----------|------------|----------|----------|---------|---------|------------|---------|---------|----------|--------|----------|---------|------------|------||----------
    1     |     2      |    3     |    4     |    5    |    6    |     7      |    8    |    9    |    10    |   11   |    12    |   13    |     14     |  15  ||    16
----------|------------|----------|----------|---------|---------|------------|---------|---------|----------|--------|----------|---------|------------|------||----------
          |                                                            Current dollars                                                                         ||
          |----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------||----------
1965 .....|   $5,354.7 | $5,331.0 | $1,942.6 |$1,197.5 |  $374.7 |   $1,816.3 |   $23.7 |     --- |      --- |  $16.1 |      --- |     --- |        --- | $7.6 ||        ---
1970 .....|   13,359.1 | 12,526.5 |  5,830.4 | 3,447.7 |   964.7 |    2,283.6 |   832.6 |     --- |   $770.0 |   21.0 |      --- |      ---|        --- | 41.6 ||        ---
1975 .....|   24,691.5 | 23,288.1 | 10,617.2 | 7,644.0 | 1,608.5 |    3,418.4 | 1,403.4 |     --- |  1,233.0 |   35.7 |      --- |   $20.0 |        --- |114.7 || $8,605.0
          |            |          |          |         |         |            |         |         |          |        |          |         |            |      ||
1980 .....|   39,349.2 | 34,493.5 | 16,027.7 |11,115.9 | 1,548.7 |    5,801.2 | 4,855.7 |     --- |  4,598.0 |   31.8 |      --- |    76.5 |        --- |149.4 || 13,320.0
1981 .....|   44,121.5 | 36,446.2 | 15,903.7 |12,084.8 | 2,182.2 |    6,275.5 | 7,675.4 |     --- |  7,433.0 |   20.7 |      --- |    76.5 |        --- |145.2 || 16,380.0
1982 .....|   40,142.2 | 34,304.7 | 14,839.2 |10,872.8 | 1,995.1 |    6,597.4 | 5,837.5 |     --- |  5,597.0 |   19.8 |      --- |    72.0 |        --- |148.7 || 16,180.0
1983 .....|   41,544.8 | 34,719.2 | 14,527.8 |10,753.4 | 2,204.1 |    7,233.8 | 6,825.5 |     --- |  6,582.0 |   19.8 |      --- |    60.0 |        --- |163.7 || 16,725.0
1984 .....|   43,875.9 | 36,104.5 | 15,292.4 |10,163.2 | 2,710.4 |    7,938.6 | 7,771.4 |     --- |  7,520.0 |   17.9 |      --- |    76.0 |        --- |157.5 || 17,090.0
          |            |          |          |         |         |            |         |         |          |        |          |         |            |      ||
1985 .....|   47,753.4 | 39,027.9 | 16,901.3 |11,174.4 | 2,107.6 |    8,844.6 | 8,725.5 |     --- |  8,467.0 |   21.4 |      --- |    76.0 |        --- |161.1 || 18,035.0
1986 .....|   48,139.4 | 39,745.0 | 17,049.9 |11,065.6 | 2,620.0 |    9,009.4 | 8,394.4 |     --- |  8,142.0 |   20.2 |      --- |    72.7 |        --- |159.5 || 19,460.0
1987 .....|   50,502.0 | 40,972.2 | 17,535.7 |10,077.5 | 2,820.4 |   10,538.6 | 9,529.8 |     --- |  9,272.0 |   20.9 |     $0.6 |    76.0 |        --- |160.4 || 19,590.0
1988 .....|   53,840.5 | 43,216.0 | 18,564.9 |10,419.1 | 2,981.6 |   11,250.5 |10,624.5 |     --- | 10,380.0 |   20.6 |      0.5 |    73.0 |        --- |150.4 || 16,190.0
1989 .....|   59,281.9 | 48,014.0 | 19,809.5 |13,014.3 | 3,180.3 |   12,009.8 |11,267.8 |     --- | 10,938.0 |   20.4 |      0.5 |    71.9 |      $22.0 |215.0 || 16,890.0
          |            |          |          |         |         |            |         |         |          |        |          |         |            |      ||
1990 .....|   62,811.5 | 51,624.3 | 21,984.4 |13,650.9 | 3,383.0 |   12,606.0 |11,187.2 |     --- | 10,826.0 |   15.0 |      0.5 |    59.2 |       48.8 |237.7 || 18,140.0
1991 .....|   70,371.7 | 57,595.7 | 25,418.0 |14,703.6 | 3,698.6 |   13,775.4 |12,776.1 |     --- | 12,372.0 |   17.3 |      0.5 |    63.5 |       87.7 |235.0 ||      ---
1992 .....|   74,477.9 | 60,479.8 | 27,926.9 |14,384.1 | 3,992.0 |   14,176.9 |13,998.0 |     --- | 13,568.0 |   17.3 |      0.5 |    72.0 |       97.2 |242.9 ||      ---
1993 .....|   84,741.5 | 67,740.6 | 30,834.3 |17,844.0 | 4,107.2 |   14,955.1 |17,000.8 |     --- | 16,524.0 |   29.3 |      --- |    72.4 |      184.6 |190.5 ||      ---
1994 .....|   93,338.8 | 68,811.5 | 32,304.4 |16,734.4 | 4,483.7 |   15,289.1 |24,527.3 |  $813.0 | 23,214.0 |   52.7 |      --- |    72.4 |      184.6 |190.5 ||      ---
          |            |          |          |         |         |            |         |         |          |        |          |         |            |      ||
1995 .....|   95,890.0 | 71,718.8 | 33,623.8 |17,623.9 | 4,721.7 |   15,749.4 |24,171.2 | 5,161.0 | 18,519.0 |   52.7 |      --- |    63.4 |      184.6 |190.5 ||      ---
1996\10\ .|   96,445.6 | 70,857.0 | 35,202.8 |14,802.3 | 4,941.4 |   15,910.6 |25,588.6 |10,391.0 | 14,760.0 |   31.1 |      --- |    31.4 |      184.6 |190.5 ||      ---
          |============|==========|==========|=========|=========|============|=========|=========|==========|========|==========|=========|============|======||==========
          |                                                      Constant fiscal year 1996 dollars\11\                                                         ||
          |----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------||----------
1965 .....|  $27,145.4 |$27,025.2 | $9,847.8 |$6,070.7 |$1,899.3 |   $9,207.5 |  $120.2 |     --- |      --- |  $81.7 |      --- |     --- |        --- |$38.5 ||      ---
1970 .....|   54,681.8 | 51,273.9 | 23,865.4 |14,112.2 | 3,948.8 |    9,347.5 | 3,407.9 |     --- | $3,151.8 |   85.9 |      --- |     --- |        --- |170.3 ||      ---
1975 .....|   69,715.3 | 65,753.0 | 29,977.2 |21,582.6 | 4,541.5 |    9,651.7 | 3,962.3 |     --- |  3,481.3 |  100.7 |      --- |   $56.5 |        --- |323.9 ||$24,295.8
          |            |          |          |         |         |            |         |         |          |        |          |         |            |      ||
1980 .....|   74,432.1 | 65,247.2 | 30,317.6 |21,026.6 | 2,929.5 |   10,973.4 | 9,184.9 |     --- |  8,697.5 |   60.1 |      --- |   144.7 |        --- |282.6 ||
1981 .....|   75,825.6 | 62,635.0 | 27,331.5 |20,768.6 | 3,750.2 |   10,784.8 |13,190.6 |     --- | 12,774.1 |   35.5 |      --- |   131.5 |        --- |249.5 || 28,150.0
1982 .....|   64,436.6 | 55,066.2 | 23,820.1 |17,453.2 | 3,202.6 |   10,590.2 | 9,370.5 |     --- |  8,984.4 |   31.8 |      --- |   115.6 |        --- |238.7 || 25,972.3
1983 .....|   63,595.3 | 53,147.0 | 22,238.7 |16,461.0 | 3,374.0 |   11,073.3 |10,448.3 |     --- | 10,075.5 |   30.4 |      --- |    91.8 |        --- |250.6 || 25,602.1
1984 .....|   64,595.0 | 53,153.8 | 22,513.8 |14,962.4 | 3,990.3 |   11,687.3 |11,441.2 |     --- | 11,071.1 |   26.3 |      --- |   111.9 |        --- |231.9 || 25,160.2
          |            |          |          |         |         |            |         |         |          |        |          |         |            |      ||
1985 .....|   67,871.2 | 55,469.8 | 24,021.6 |15,882.0 | 2,995.5 |   12,570.7 |12,401.4 |     --- | 12,034.0 |   30.4 |      --- |   108.0 |        --- |229.0 || 25,632.9
1986 .....|   66,430.8 | 54,846.8 | 23,528.4 |15,270.3 | 3,615.5 |   12,432.6 |11,584.0 |     --- | 11,235.7 |   27.9 |      --- |   100.3 |        --- |220.1 || 26,854.2
1987 .....|   67,844.4 | 55,042.0 | 23,557.5 |13,538.1 | 3,788.9 |   14,157.6 |12,802.4 |     --- | 12,456.0 |   28.1 |     $0.7 |   102.1 |        --- |215.5 || 26,317.2
1988 .....|   69,809.2 | 56,033.6 | 24,071.1 |13,509.3 | 3,865.9 |   14,587.3 |13,775.7 |     --- | 13,458.6 |   26.8 |      0.6 |    94.7 |        --- |195.0 || 20,991.8
1989 .....|   73,651.4 | 59,652.3 | 24,611.2 |16,168.9 | 3,951.2 |   14,920.9 |13,999.1 |     --- | 13,589.3 |   25.3 |      0.7 |    89.3 |      $27.3 |267.1 || 20,984.0
          |            |          |          |         |         |            |         |         |          |        |          |         |            |      ||
1990 .....|   74,792.6 | 61,471.5 | 26,177.8 |16,254.8 | 4,028.3 |   15,010.6 |13,321.1 |     --- | 12,891.0 |   17.9 |      0.6 |    70.5 |       58.1 |283.0 || 21,600.1
1991 .....|   80,232.0 | 65,665.8 | 28,979.5 |16,763.8 | 4,216.9 |   15,705.6 |14,566.2 |     --- | 14,105.5 |   19.8 |      0.6 |    72.4 |      100.0 |267.9 ||      ---
1992 .....|   82,125.6 | 66,690.2 | 30,794.5 |15,861.2 | 4,401.9 |   15,632.6 |15,435.4 |     --- | 14,961.2 |   19.1 |      0.6 |    79.4 |      107.2 |267.9 ||      ---
1993 .....|   90,978.7 | 72,726.6 | 33,103.8 |19,157.4 | 4,409.5 |   16,055.8 |18,252.2 |     --- | 17,740.2 |   31.4 |      --- |    77.8 |      198.2 |204.6 ||      ---
1994 .....|   97,862.6 | 72,146.6 | 33,870.0 |17,545.4 | 4,701.0 |   16,030.1 |25,716.0 |  $852.4 | 24,339.1 |   55.2 |      --- |    75.9 |      193.6 |199.8 ||      ---
          |            |          |          |         |         |            |         |         |          |        |          |         |            |      ||
1995 .....|   98,304.8 | 73,524.9 | 34,470.6 |18,067.8 | 4,840.6 |   16,146.0 |24,779.9 | 5,291.0 | 18,985.4 |   54.0 |      --- |    65.0 |      189.3 |195.3 ||      ---
1996\10\ .|   96,445.6 | 70,857.0 | 35,202.8 |14,802.3 | 4,941.4 |   15,910.6 |25,588.6 |10,391.0 | 14,760.0 |   31.1 |      --- |    31.4 |      184.6 |190.5 ||      ---
----------|------------|----------|----------|---------|---------|------------|---------|---------|----------|--------|----------|---------|------------|------||----------

1 On-budget support includes federal funds for education programs tied to appropriations.

2 The Federal Direct Student Loan program (FDSL) program, recently renamed the William D. Ford Direct Loan program, will provide students with the same benefits they are currently eligible to receive under the Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) program but will provide loans to students through federal capital rather than through private lenders. The FDSL program will replace the FFEL program and will gradually be phased in, beginning with the 1994-95 academic year. This program will be an off-budget support program.

3 Formerly the Guaranteed Student Loan program. New student loans guaranteed by the federal government and disbursed to borrowers.

4 Student loans created from institutional matching funds (1/3 of the federal contribution). Excludes repayments of outstanding loans.

5 Student loans created from institutional matching funds (1/9 of the federal contribution). This was a demonstration project that involved only 10 institutions and had unsubsidized interest rates.

6 Required state matching contributions.

7 Institutions award grants to undergraduate students, and the federal share of such grants may not exceed 75 percent of the total grant.

8 Employer contributions to student earnings.

9 Losses of tax revenue attributable to provisions of the federal income tax laws that allow a special exclusion, exemption, or deduction from gross income or provide a special credit, preferential rate of tax, or a deferral of tax liability affecting individual or corporate income tax liabilities.

10 Estimated.

11 Data adjusted by the federal funds composite deflator prepared by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget.

---Data not available or not applicable.

NOTE.--To the extent possible, federal education funds data represent outlays rather than obligations. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals. Data have been revised from previously published figures.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, compiled from data appearing in U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U.S. Government, Appendix, fiscal years 1967 to 1997; National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development, fiscal years 1965 to 1996; "Federal Tax Expenditures, FY 1980 to FY 1984," "Federal Tax Expenditures, FY 1984 to FY 1988," and "Federal Tax Expenditures, FY 1970 to FY 1990" by Stephen M. Barro, prepared for the National Center for Education Statistics; and unpublished data obtained from various federal agencies. (This table was prepared June 1996.)