Percentage of degree-granting postsecondary institutions with a tenure system and percentage of full-time faculty with tenure at these institutions, by control and level of institution and selected characteristics of faculty: Selected academic years, 1993-94 through 2022-23

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Table 316.80.Percentage of degree-granting postsecondary institutions with a tenure system and percentage of full-time faculty with tenure at these institutions, by control and level of institution and selected characteristics of faculty: Selected academic years, 1993-94 through 2022-23
Selected characteristic and academic year	All insti- tutions	Public institutions						Private nonprofit institutions						Private for-profit insti- tutions
		Total	4-year institutions				2-year	Total	4-year institutions				2-year
		Total	Total	Doc- toral¹	Mas- ter's²	Other	2-year	Total	Total	Doc- toral¹	Mas- ter's²	Other	2-year
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
Percent of institutions with a tenure system
1993-94	62.6	73.6	92.6	100.0	98.3	76.4	62.1	62.0	66.3	90.5	76.5	58.3	26.1	7.8
1999-2000	55.0	72.8	94.6	100.0	95.5	86.3	60.3	59.0	63.4	81.2	72.6	54.9	14.0	4.0
2003-04	52.7	71.3	90.9	100.0	98.0	70.9	59.4	57.9	61.2	86.6	71.6	49.5	14.4	3.6
2005-06	50.9	71.5	90.9	99.5	98.0	71.6	59.4	56.5	59.8	85.1	67.1	49.2	11.5	2.0
2007-08	49.5	70.7	91.0	100.0	98.6	70.1	57.4	57.5	60.2	81.3	64.2	45.4	13.0	1.4
2009-10	47.8	71.2	90.9	99.6	98.5	71.3	57.7	57.1	59.5	80.6	64.4	44.6	12.9	1.5
2011-12	45.3	71.6	90.8	99.6	98.5	70.5	57.8	55.6	58.6	79.5	64.0	42.7	8.0	1.3
2013-14	49.3	74.6	95.8	99.6	98.1	86.6	58.9	59.7	61.8	79.6	63.2	49.0	12.5	1.2
2015-16	51.9	74.8	95.2	99.6	97.6	85.7	58.9	57.7	60.6	79.8	60.8	47.0	7.5	1.3
2016-17	54.4	74.6	94.6	99.6	97.2	85.0	58.0	58.8	61.5	79.3	61.1	48.8	9.2	1.5
2017-18	55.1	74.7	94.6	99.6	96.8	86.2	57.7	58.3	60.6	80.2	59.4	46.9	7.8	1.6
2018-19	57.4	74.3	93.6	99.3	97.5	82.4	57.5	58.8	60.8	78.7	58.2	49.0	8.8	1.3
2019-20	57.4	73.9	92.8	99.3	98.3	78.9	57.4	58.7	61.0	77.7	58.8	49.7	5.1	1.0
2020-21	57.5	73.8	91.6	99.3	97.5	76.2	57.8	58.5	60.6	77.8	57.7	49.3	5.5	1.2
2021-22	57.4	73.7	91.4	99.3	97.8	75.6	57.6	58.6	60.6	75.5	58.0	49.9	5.9	1.0
2022-23	57.4	73.5	90.7	99.0	96.9	76.0	57.0	58.5	60.3	74.8	59.6	46.7	6.3	1.0
Faculty with tenure at institutions with a tenure system
Percent of all full-time faculty³
1993-94	56.2	58.9	56.3	54.5	60.5	51.1	69.9	49.5	49.5	47.6	51.8	50.4	47.9	33.8
1999-2000	53.7	55.9	53.2	50.4	59.1	54.7	67.7	48.2	48.1	43.4	52.3	53.5	59.7	77.4
2003-04	50.4	53.0	50.2	48.9	52.9	51.2	65.2	44.6	44.6	40.1	48.7	51.9	47.7	69.2
2005-06	49.6	51.5	48.7	47.2	52.3	49.1	64.1	45.1	45.1	40.7	49.1	52.5	45.2	69.3
2007-08	48.8	50.5	47.8	45.9	52.7	49.5	63.6	44.7	44.7	41.0	50.5	53.1	41.3	51.3
2009-10	48.7	50.6	47.8	45.7	53.6	51.3	64.1	44.3	44.3	40.4	50.5	54.1	38.5	51.0
2011-12	48.5	50.7	48.0	45.8	54.3	53.4	64.7	43.7	43.7	39.7	50.7	54.3	31.4	31.0
2013-14	48.3	50.4	47.3	44.9	55.4	52.2	67.2	43.8	43.8	39.5	51.7	55.9	31.5	19.8
2015-16	47.2	49.3	46.6	44.2	54.7	53.5	65.0	42.8	42.8	38.6	51.6	55.6	33.9	17.0
2016-17	46.4	48.2	45.8	43.3	53.4	56.9	63.6	42.4	42.4	38.3	51.1	55.4	32.2	17.2
2017-18	45.5	47.3	44.8	42.3	52.7	56.1	63.2	41.8	41.8	37.9	50.7	55.0	27.2	17.6
2018-19	45.1	46.9	44.5	42.2	52.8	54.7	62.8	41.4	41.4	37.6	50.0	55.2	28.9	12.0
2019-20	44.6	46.3	44.0	41.3	53.3	56.5	62.5	41.0	41.0	37.2	49.6	54.9	28.9	9.4
2020-21	44.6	46.4	43.7	40.8	54.1	58.7	65.8	40.9	40.9	37.0	51.0	55.4	27.1	9.8
2021-22	44.8	47.0	44.4	41.7	54.5	59.2	66.4	40.3	40.3	36.5	50.4	54.9	27.8	9.3
2022-23	44.0	46.3	43.8	41.0	54.3	58.9	65.6	39.3	39.3	35.7	49.7	54.0	23.8	9.1
Percent of full-time instructional faculty only
2021-22
Total	47.6	49.5	47.0	44.7	54.6	59.2	66.4	43.6	43.6	40.5	50.4	54.9	27.8	9.3
Male	53.7	55.3	53.8	52.1	60.3	61.4	68.6	50.4	50.4	47.9	56.6	60.0	29.7	10.9
Female	40.8	43.0	39.3	35.9	48.8	57.3	64.7	35.8	35.9	31.7	44.2	49.7	26.8	8.0
Professor	88.3	89.3	89.0	87.2	98.5	93.9	92.4	86.1	86.1	83.2	93.2	96.8	70.6	61.3
Male	89.2	90.4	90.2	88.7	98.5	94.9	93.5	87.0	87.0	84.7	93.1	96.8	83.3	66.7
Female	86.5	87.5	86.9	84.1	98.4	92.9	91.6	84.5	84.5	80.0	93.3	96.9	63.6	53.8
Associate professor	72.7	75.6	75.5	72.2	90.2	84.8	76.8	67.0	67.0	60.8	76.7	88.6	56.9	33.9
Male	74.3	77.4	77.3	74.4	90.6	85.5	79.2	68.2	68.2	62.6	77.8	88.3	77.8	27.6
Female	70.9	73.6	73.5	69.6	89.7	84.1	75.0	65.6	65.6	58.6	75.6	89.0	48.9	39.4
Assistant professor	4.1	5.4	2.6	1.1	6.5	23.4	45.2	1.7	1.7	1.1	4.2	2.3	†	0.8
Male	4.2	5.4	2.7	1.1	6.8	23.6	48.9	2.0	2.0	1.3	5.0	2.4	†	†
Female	4.1	5.5	2.6	1.1	6.3	23.3	42.5	1.5	1.5	0.9	3.7	2.1	†	1.5
Instructor	27.4	33.6	12.9	0.5	1.7	51.8	60.1	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.8	0.3	†	†
Lecturer	1.9	2.6	1.8	1.4	3.7	5.5	37.8	0.1	0.1	0.1	0	0.6	†	†
No academic rank	28.8	36.1	20.3	1.4	3.1	54.1	67.6	3.8	3.8	1.3	14.9	4.1	†	†
2022-23
Total	46.7	48.7	46.3	44.0	54.5	58.9	65.6	42.5	42.5	39.6	49.7	54.1	23.8	9.1
Male	52.9	54.6	53.1	51.4	60.4	61.5	67.6	49.3	49.3	46.8	56.2	58.7	24.7	11.3
Female	40.0	42.3	38.7	35.4	48.6	56.5	64.0	35.0	35.0	31.1	43.4	49.4	23.3	7.4
Professor	87.4	88.7	88.4	86.5	98.6	93.8	91.5	85.0	85.0	82.2	92.2	96.6	36.8	53.6
Male	88.5	89.9	89.7	88.1	98.9	94.9	92.7	86.0	86.0	83.7	92.3	96.3	42.9	51.2
Female	85.5	86.6	86.0	83.1	98.1	92.5	90.6	83.2	83.3	78.9	92.0	96.9	33.3	57.7
Associate professor	71.3	74.3	74.2	70.9	89.6	85.4	75.0	65.3	65.3	59.1	75.4	89.5	60.3	28.9
Male	73.2	76.5	76.4	73.6	90.1	86.1	76.6	66.8	66.8	61.3	76.9	89.3	83.3	33.3
Female	69.1	71.9	71.7	67.7	89.0	84.7	73.9	63.6	63.6	56.7	73.8	89.7	51.1	25.6
Assistant professor	3.9	5.1	2.6	1.1	6.0	23.6	44.6	1.5	1.5	1.0	3.9	1.9	†	2.9
Male	4.0	5.2	2.6	1.1	6.1	24.0	49.0	1.8	1.8	1.2	4.8	2.0	†	2.0
Female	3.7	5.1	2.6	1.1	5.9	23.3	41.3	1.3	1.3	0.9	3.2	1.8	†	3.8
Instructor	25.3	31.1	8.0	0.5	1.5	40.7	59.7	0.2	0.2	0.1	1.1	0.2	†	†
Lecturer	2.0	2.7	1.9	1.5	3.7	5.3	33.5	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.6	†	†
No academic rank	33.8	41.4	31.2	2.2	3.7	63.2	66.5	3.3	3.3	0.8	17.1	3.8	†	†
†Not applicable.
¹Institutions that awarded 20 or more doctor's degrees during the previous academic year.
²Institutions that awarded 20 or more master's degrees, but less than 20 doctor's degrees, during the previous academic year.
³Includes instructional, research, and public service faculty.
NOTE: Data in this table represent the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Data are for degree-granting institutions and U.S. service academies. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Data include imputations for nonrespondent institutions. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), "Fall Staff Survey" (IPEDS-S:93-99); and IPEDS, Human Resources component, Staff section, Winter 2003-04 through Winter 2011-12 (final data), Spring 2014 through Spring 2022 (final data), and Spring 2023 (provisional data). (This table was prepared January 2024.)

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