Employees in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by sex, employment status, control and level of institution, and primary occupation: Selected years, fall 1991 through fall 2022

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Table 314.20.Employees in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by sex, employment status, control and level of institution, and primary occupation: Selected years, fall 1991 through fall 2022
Sex, employment status, control and level of institution, and primary occupation	1991	1995	2001	2005	2007	2009	2011	2013	2015	2018	2020	2021	2022	Percent change, 2011 to 2022
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
All institutions	2,545,235	2,662,075	3,083,353	3,379,087	3,561,730	3,724,661	3,841,819	3,896,053	3,914,284	3,925,642	3,811,104	3,816,867	3,880,322	1.0
Faculty (instruction/research/public service)	826,252	931,706	1,113,183	1,290,426	1,371,587	1,439,074	1,524,469	1,545,381	1,552,256	1,543,212	1,489,415	1,499,236	1,507,641	-1.1
Graduate assistants	197,751	215,909	261,136	317,141	329,001	343,204	355,916	363,416	366,868	382,749	377,459	392,310	398,862	12.1
Other¹	1,521,232	1,514,460	1,709,034	1,771,520	1,861,142	1,942,383	1,961,434	1,987,256	1,995,160	1,999,681	1,944,551	1,925,321	1,973,819	0.6

Male	1,227,591	1,274,676	1,451,773	1,581,498	1,650,641	1,710,021	1,754,919	1,772,803	1,776,928	1,768,349	1,695,000	1,690,441	1,708,740	-2.6
Faculty (instruction/research/public service)	525,599	562,893	644,514	714,453	744,047	761,002	789,567	791,971	789,405	771,861	734,605	732,404	731,113	-7.4
Graduate assistants	119,125	123,962	142,120	167,529	173,128	181,328	188,305	191,501	193,202	196,791	188,950	194,212	196,558	4.4
Other¹	582,867	587,821	665,139	699,516	733,466	767,691	777,047	789,331	794,321	799,697	771,604	763,825	781,069	0.5

Female	1,317,644	1,387,399	1,631,580	1,797,589	1,911,089	2,014,640	2,086,900	2,123,250	2,137,356	2,157,293	2,116,104	2,126,426	2,171,582	4.1
Faculty (instruction/research/public service)	300,653	368,813	468,669	575,973	627,540	678,072	734,902	753,410	762,851	771,351	754,810	766,832	776,528	5.7
Graduate assistants	78,626	91,947	119,016	149,612	155,873	161,876	167,611	171,915	173,666	185,958	188,509	198,098	202,304	20.7
Other¹	938,365	926,639	1,043,895	1,072,004	1,127,676	1,174,692	1,184,387	1,197,925	1,200,839	1,199,984	1,172,947	1,161,496	1,192,750	0.7

Full-time	1,812,912	1,801,371	2,043,208	2,179,864	2,281,516	2,382,305	2,435,988	2,472,434	2,507,787	2,551,382	2,544,429	2,530,451	2,581,456	6.0
Faculty (instruction/research/public service)	535,623	550,822	617,868	675,624	703,757	729,152	762,114	791,378	807,109	832,130	836,597	837,024	842,407	10.5
Other¹	1,277,289	1,250,549	1,425,340	1,504,240	1,577,759	1,653,153	1,673,874	1,681,056	1,700,678	1,719,252	1,708,182	1,693,427	1,739,049	3.9

Part-time	732,323	860,704	1,040,145	1,199,223	1,280,214	1,342,356	1,405,831	1,423,619	1,406,497	1,374,260	1,266,675	1,286,416	1,298,866	-7.6
Faculty (instruction/research/public service)	290,629	380,884	495,315	614,802	667,830	709,922	762,355	754,003	745,147	711,082	652,818	662,212	665,234	-12.7
Graduate assistants	197,751	215,909	261,136	317,141	329,001	343,204	355,916	363,416	366,868	382,749	377,459	392,310	398,862	12.1
Other¹	243,943	263,911	283,694	267,280	283,383	289,230	287,560	306,200	294,482	280,429	236,369	231,894	234,770	-18.4

Public 4-year	1,341,914	1,383,476	1,558,576	1,656,709	1,742,370	1,804,332	1,843,314	1,884,854	1,925,674	2,021,429	2,021,508	2,031,897	2,074,514	12.5
Faculty (instruction/research/public service)	358,376	384,399	438,459	486,691	518,930	539,946	575,624	601,126	622,283	670,988	675,165	685,647	696,130	20.9
Graduate assistants	144,344	178,342	218,260	257,578	266,451	275,878	285,905	287,839	291,770	299,328	294,031	306,172	309,142	8.1
Other¹	839,194	820,735	901,857	912,440	956,989	988,508	981,785	995,889	1,011,621	1,051,113	1,052,627	1,040,078	1,069,242	8.9

Private 4-year	734,509	770,004	912,924	1,073,764	1,158,196	1,230,409	1,297,376	1,318,760	1,323,899	1,306,885	1,272,738	1,279,824	1,310,591	1.0
Faculty (instruction/research/public service)	232,893	262,660	325,713	430,305	473,455	498,403	540,018	550,512	558,262	545,475	533,488	539,454	546,329	1.2
Graduate assistants	23,989	33,853	41,611	59,147	62,550	67,326	70,011	75,537	75,079	83,393	83,355	86,121	89,703	28.1
Other¹	477,627	473,491	545,600	584,312	622,191	664,680	687,347	692,711	690,558	678,017	655,895	654,249	674,559	-1.9

Public 2-year	441,414	482,454	578,394	610,978	619,455	638,361	642,455	642,430	622,754	567,025	488,893	476,421	467,260	-27.3
Faculty (instruction/research/public service)	222,532	272,434	332,665	354,497	357,596	373,842	378,535	367,608	348,708	310,761	266,202	259,251	250,701	-33.8
Graduate assistants	29,216	3,401	1,215	374	0	0	0	13	13	17	16	16	17	†
Other¹	189,666	206,619	244,514	256,107	261,859	264,519	263,920	274,809	274,033	256,247	222,644	217,154	216,542	-18.0

Private 2-year	27,398	26,141	33,459	37,636	41,709	51,559	58,674	50,009	41,957	30,303	28,216	28,725	27,957	-52.4
Faculty (instruction/research/public service)	12,451	12,213	16,346	18,933	21,606	26,883	30,292	26,135	23,003	15,988	14,827	14,884	14,481	-52.2
Graduate assistants	202	313	50	42	0	0	0	27	6	11	4	1	0	†
Other¹	14,745	13,615	17,063	18,661	20,103	24,676	28,382	23,847	18,948	14,304	13,385	13,840	13,476	-52.5
†Not applicable.
¹Prior to 2013, included employees categorized as executive/administrative/managerial. Since 2013, includes employees in categories such as office and administrative support; management; computer, engineering, and science; and business and financial operations.
NOTE: Data in this table represent the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Data through 1995 are for institutions of higher education and U.S. service academies, while later data are for degree-granting institutions and U.S. service academies. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The degree-granting classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, but it includes more 2-year colleges and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not grant degrees. Beginning in 2007, includes institutions with fewer than 15 full-time employees; these institutions did not report staff data prior to 2007. By definition, all graduate assistants are part time. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), "Fall Staff Survey" (IPEDS-S:91-99); selected years, Human Resources component, Staff section, Winter 2001-02 through Winter 2011-12 (final data), Spring 2014 through Spring 2022 (final data), and Spring 2023 (provisional data). (This table was prepared January 2024.)

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