Percentage of students receiving selected disciplinary actions in public elementary and secondary schools, by type of disciplinary action, disability status, sex, and race/ethnicity: School year 2020-21

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Table 233.28.Percentage of students receiving selected disciplinary actions in public elementary and secondary schools, by type of disciplinary action, disability status, sex, and race/ethnicity: School year 2020-21
Disability status, sex, and race/ethnicity	Corporal punish- ment¹	One or more in-school suspensions²	Out-of-school suspensions³			Expulsions⁴				Referral to law enforce- ment⁵	School-related arrest⁶
			Total	Only one	More than one	Total		With educa- tional services	Without educa- tional services
			Total	Only one	More than one	All expul- sions⁷	Under zero-tolerance policies⁸	With educa- tional services	Without educa- tional services
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
All students
Total	0.04	1.73	1.40	1.01	0.39	0.06	0.01	0.05	0.01	0.14	0.02
Sex
Male	0.07	2.36	1.94	1.37	0.57	0.09	0.01	0.07	0.02	0.19	0.03
Female	0.02	1.07	0.83	0.63	0.20	0.04	#	0.03	0.01	0.09	0.01
Race/ethnicity⁹
American Indian/Alaska Native	0.11	2.32	1.98	1.42	0.55	0.07	0.01	0.05	0.02	0.29	0.04
Asian	#	0.20	0.18	0.14	0.03	0.01	#	0.01	#	0.02	#
Black	0.06	2.45	2.32	1.60	0.71	0.10	0.01	0.09	0.02	0.16	0.03
Hispanic	0.02	1.15	0.81	0.62	0.19	0.04	0.01	0.03	0.01	0.09	0.02
Pacific Islander	0.01	1.09	0.85	0.64	0.21	0.04	#	0.03	0.01	0.09	0.02
White	0.05	1.80	1.42	1.03	0.39	0.06	0.01	0.05	0.01	0.16	0.02
Two or more races	0.03	1.77	1.61	1.12	0.49	0.06	0.01	0.05	0.02	0.16	0.02
Race/ethnicity by sex⁹
Male
American Indian/Alaska Native	0.18	3.01	2.63	1.84	0.79	0.10	0.02	0.08	0.02	0.37	0.05
Asian	#	0.29	0.26	0.21	0.05	0.01	#	0.01	#	0.03	#
Black	0.10	3.16	3.04	2.05	0.99	0.14	0.01	0.12	0.02	0.20	0.04
Hispanic	0.03	1.52	1.11	0.84	0.28	0.06	0.01	0.04	0.01	0.12	0.02
Pacific Islander	0.02	1.41	1.19	0.87	0.31	0.05	#	0.03	0.01	0.12	0.02
White	0.09	2.52	2.01	1.43	0.58	0.09	0.01	0.07	0.02	0.21	0.03
Two or more races	0.04	2.37	2.22	1.51	0.71	0.08	0.01	0.06	0.02	0.20	0.03
Female
American Indian/Alaska Native	0.04	1.59	1.30	0.99	0.31	0.03	#	0.02	0.01	0.20	0.03
Asian	#	0.11	0.09	0.07	0.02	#	#	#	#	0.01	#
Black	0.03	1.71	1.56	1.14	0.43	0.06	#	0.06	0.01	0.11	0.02
Hispanic	0.01	0.76	0.49	0.40	0.10	0.03	#	0.02	0.01	0.06	0.01
Pacific Islander	0.01	0.76	0.49	0.40	0.09	0.03	#	0.02	0.01	0.05	0.01
White	0.02	1.03	0.78	0.60	0.18	0.04	#	0.03	0.01	0.10	0.01
Two or more races	0.01	1.15	0.99	0.73	0.27	0.05	#	0.03	0.01	0.11	0.01
Students with disabilities
Total	0.06	3.48	3.26	2.17	1.09	0.11	0.01	0.09	0.02	0.32	0.05
Sex
Male	0.08	4.09	3.90	2.55	1.35	0.13	0.02	0.11	0.02	0.37	0.05
Female	0.02	2.31	2.01	1.44	0.58	0.06	0.01	0.05	0.01	0.22	0.03
Race/ethnicity^9,10
American Indian/Alaska Native	0.09	2.93	3.01	2.04	0.97	0.09	0.02	0.08	0.01	0.39	0.05
Asian	#	0.34	0.44	0.32	0.12	0.01	0	0.01	#	0.05	0.01
Black	0.05	3.53	3.99	2.55	1.44	0.13	0.01	0.12	0.01	0.30	0.05
Hispanic	0.02	1.75	1.50	1.06	0.44	0.06	0.01	0.05	0.01	0.16	0.03
Pacific Islander	0	1.06	1.04	0.72	0.32	0.03	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.07	0.01
White	0.06	3.18	3.14	2.06	1.08	0.10	0.01	0.08	0.02	0.32	0.04
Two or more races	0.04	3.09	3.54	2.26	1.28	0.09	0.01	0.06	0.02	0.36	0.05
Race/ethnicity by sex^9,10
Male
American Indian/Alaska Native	0.12	3.42	3.63	2.39	1.24	0.12	0.02	0.11	0.01	0.49	0.06
Asian	#	0.41	0.52	0.38	0.15	0.01	0	0.01	#	0.05	0.01
Black	0.07	4.02	4.62	2.89	1.73	0.16	0.02	0.14	0.02	0.34	0.06
Hispanic	0.03	2.03	1.80	1.24	0.55	0.07	0.01	0.06	0.01	0.19	0.03
Pacific Islander	0	1.23	1.28	0.86	0.42	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.09	0.01
White	0.09	3.84	3.86	2.48	1.38	0.12	0.02	0.10	0.02	0.38	0.05
Two or more races	0.05	3.58	4.20	2.63	1.57	0.10	0.01	0.07	0.03	0.40	0.06
Female
American Indian/Alaska Native	0.03	2.01	1.85	1.38	0.47	0.02	0.01	0.02	0	0.21	0.03
Asian	0	0.19	0.23	0.18	0.05	0.01	0	0.01	0	0.04	0.01
Black	0.02	2.57	2.76	1.88	0.88	0.08	#	0.07	0.01	0.21	0.03
Hispanic	0.01	1.21	0.94	0.71	0.23	0.04	#	0.03	0.01	0.11	0.02
Pacific Islander	0	0.70	0.56	0.44	0.12	0.04	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.04	0.03
White	0.02	1.94	1.78	1.26	0.52	0.05	0.01	0.04	0.01	0.21	0.03
Two or more races	0.02	2.14	2.26	1.54	0.72	0.06	0.01	0.05	0.01	0.28	0.04
#Rounds to zero.
¹Corporal punishment is paddling, spanking, or other forms of physical punishment imposed on a student.
²An in-school suspension is an instance in which a student is temporarily removed from his or her regular classroom(s) for at least half a day but remains under the direct supervision of school personnel.
³An out-of-school suspension is an instance in which a student is temporarily removed from his or her regular school (either in person or virtual) for disciplinary purposes for at least half a day (but less than the remainder of the school year) to another setting (e.g., home or behavior center). Out-of-school suspensions include removals with or without the continuation of educational services.
⁴Expulsions are actions taken by a local education agency to remove a student from his or her regular school (either in person or virtual) for disciplinary purposes, with or without the continuation of educational services, for the remainder of the school year or longer, in accordance with local education agency policy. Expulsions also include removals resulting from violations of the Gun Free Schools Act that are modified to less than 365 days.
⁵Referral to law enforcement is an action by which a student is reported to any law enforcement agency or official, including a school police unit, for an incident that occurs on school grounds, during school-related events, or while taking school transportation, regardless of whether official action is taken.
⁶A school-related arrest is an arrest of a student for any activity conducted on school grounds, during off-campus school activities (including while taking school transportation), or due to a referral by any school official.
⁷Totals include expulsions from preschool not counted in the "With educational services" and "Without educational services" columns.
⁸Includes all expulsions under zero-tolerance policies, including expulsions with and without educational services. A zero-tolerance policy results in mandatory expulsion of any student who commits one or more specified offenses (for example, offenses involving guns, other weapons, violence, or similar factors, or combinations of these factors). A policy is considered "zero tolerance" even if there are some exceptions to the mandatory aspect of the expulsion, such as allowing the chief administering officer of a local education agency to modify the expulsion on a case-by-case basis.
⁹Data by race/ethnicity exclude data for students with disabilities served only under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (i.e., those not receiving services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act).
¹⁰The number of students with disabilities receiving disciplinary actions by race/ethnicity do not include preschool students.
NOTE: The percentage of students receiving a disciplinary action is calculated by dividing the cumulative number of students receiving that type of disciplinary action for the entire 2020-21 school year by the student enrollment based on a count of students taken on a single day between September 27 and December 31. Data for the number of students receiving one or more in-school suspensions, expulsions under zero-tolerance policies, expulsions with educational services, expulsions without educational services, referrals to law enforcement, and school-related arrests do not include preschool students. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, Civil Rights Data Collection (CRDC), 2020-21. (This table was prepared February 2024.)

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