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| 2022 Tables and Figures | All Years of Tables and Figures | Most Recent Full Issue of the Digest |
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| Table 604.20. | Percentage distribution of 25- to 65-year-olds, by literacy proficiency level, numeracy proficiency level, selected levels of educational attainment, and country or subnational region: 2012 through 2017 |
| [Standard errors appear in parentheses] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country or subnational region1 | Total population of 25- to 65-year-olds | Highest level of educational attainment2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| High school completion | Bachelor's or higher degree | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| At or below level 1 | At level 2 | At level 3 | At level 4 or level 5 | At or below level 1 | At level 2 | At level 3 | At level 4 or level 5 | At or below level 1 | At level 2 | At level 3 | At level 4 or level 5 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | |||||||||||||||||
| Percentage distribution, by literacy proficiency level | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OECD average3 | 21.4 | (0.16) | 35.0 | (0.19) | 33.8 | (0.19) | 9.9 | (0.11) | 19.2 | (0.23) | 41.0 | (0.31) | 33.8 | (0.30) | 6.0 | (0.14) | 5.7 | (0.19) | 22.9 | (0.36) | 48.0 | (0.42) | 23.5 | (0.33) | |||||
Austria |
16.3 | (0.70) | 39.0 | (1.06) | 36.7 | (1.04) | 8.0 | (0.47) | 14.3 | (0.86) | 41.9 | (1.38) | 37.9 | (1.40) | 5.9 | (0.60) | 2.5 | ! | (0.79) | 16.8 | (1.99) | 52.9 | (2.47) | 27.8 | (2.03) | ||||
| Canada | 17.3 | (0.47) | 31.9 | (0.70) | 36.7 | (0.74) | 14.2 | (0.55) | 18.2 | (0.85) | 39.0 | (1.05) | 35.4 | (1.13) | 7.5 | (0.80) | 5.9 | (0.49) | 21.3 | (0.88) | 44.1 | (1.20) | 28.7 | (1.20) | |||||
| Chile4 | 57.5 | (1.99) | 29.7 | (1.37) | 11.1 | (1.25) | 1.7 | ! | (0.54) | 56.1 | (1.96) | 35.1 | (1.92) | 8.0 | (1.01) | ‡ | (†) | 15.4 | (2.56) | 39.7 | (3.62) | 37.4 | (4.56) | 7.4 | ! | (2.28) | |||
| Czech Republic | 12.5 | (0.87) | 38.5 | (1.87) | 40.9 | (1.76) | 8.1 | (0.77) | 12.4 | (1.11) | 43.4 | (2.34) | 39.5 | (1.97) | 4.8 | (0.73) | 1.9 | ! | (0.89) | 17.1 | (3.16) | 57.2 | (3.80) | 23.8 | (3.21) | ||||
| Denmark | 16.7 | (0.58) | 33.9 | (0.83) | 39.4 | (0.81) | 10.0 | (0.57) | 16.6 | (1.01) | 41.7 | (1.48) | 36.3 | (1.46) | 5.4 | (0.64) | 5.8 | (0.69) | 17.0 | (1.20) | 51.9 | (1.86) | 25.2 | (1.87) | |||||
England (UK) |
16.1 | (0.77) | 32.8 | (0.97) | 36.7 | (1.01) | 14.4 | (0.89) | 14.4 | (1.36) | 35.4 | (1.81) | 39.2 | (1.58) | 11.0 | (1.07) | 5.5 | (1.06) | 18.1 | (1.55) | 46.2 | (2.37) | 30.1 | (2.26) | |||||
| Estonia | 14.3 | (0.62) | 35.5 | (0.68) | 39.3 | (0.93) | 10.9 | (0.67) | 16.0 | (0.95) | 40.4 | (1.11) | 37.2 | (1.07) | 6.5 | (0.65) | 4.4 | (0.70) | 22.8 | (1.42) | 48.4 | (1.94) | 24.5 | (1.65) | |||||
| Finland | 11.6 | (0.57) | 27.5 | (0.90) | 39.2 | (0.92) | 21.7 | (0.61) | 13.3 | (0.99) | 33.8 | (1.65) | 39.6 | (1.55) | 13.2 | (1.03) | 2.9 | (0.66) | 11.0 | (1.23) | 39.7 | (2.01) | 46.4 | (1.74) | |||||
| Flanders (Belgium) | 15.8 | (0.66) | 32.0 | (0.96) | 39.4 | (1.06) | 12.8 | (0.65) | 16.7 | (1.13) | 41.7 | (1.53) | 35.9 | (1.76) | 5.7 | (0.68) | 2.1 | ! | (0.65) | 10.3 | (1.62) | 51.1 | (2.84) | 36.5 | (2.44) | ||||
| France | 23.6 | (0.55) | 36.6 | (0.77) | 32.5 | (0.69) | 7.3 | (0.39) | 20.4 | (0.95) | 45.2 | (1.08) | 31.1 | (0.96) | 3.4 | (0.44) | 5.1 | (0.71) | 20.2 | (1.40) | 52.2 | (1.56) | 22.5 | (1.51) | |||||
Germany |
18.7 | (0.86) | 35.3 | (1.12) | 35.9 | (1.00) | 10.2 | (0.64) | 19.9 | (1.13) | 41.6 | (1.55) | 32.8 | (1.33) | 5.7 | (0.73) | 4.2 | (0.90) | 19.1 | (1.66) | 50.6 | (1.84) | 26.2 | (1.80) | |||||
| Greece4 | 27.4 | (1.06) | 41.8 | (1.10) | 25.4 | (1.05) | 5.4 | (0.53) | 24.9 | (1.72) | 44.7 | (1.76) | 26.1 | (1.71) | 4.2 | (0.77) | 12.9 | (1.79) | 35.8 | (2.31) | 37.5 | (2.59) | 13.8 | (1.91) | |||||
| Hungary5 | 19.4 | (0.75) | 39.4 | (1.04) | 34.7 | (1.16) | 6.5 | (0.54) | 16.6 | (1.15) | 48.6 | (1.56) | 31.9 | (1.76) | 2.9 | (0.57) | 1.8 | (0.49) | 22.1 | (1.66) | 57.8 | (2.52) | 18.3 | (1.76) | |||||
| Ireland | 18.5 | (0.87) | 37.2 | (0.91) | 35.6 | (0.89) | 8.8 | (0.62) | 14.7 | (1.18) | 42.3 | (1.62) | 37.6 | (1.78) | 5.3 | (0.90) | 3.0 | (0.71) | 20.7 | (1.64) | 52.2 | (1.96) | 24.2 | (1.87) | |||||
| Israel4 | 29.5 | (0.71) | 33.1 | (0.92) | 29.0 | (1.09) | 8.5 | (0.58) | 37.4 | (1.39) | 36.2 | (1.55) | 21.8 | (1.62) | 4.6 | (0.83) | 11.5 | (1.01) | 28.3 | (1.61) | 44.1 | (1.79) | 16.1 | (1.08) | |||||
Italy |
29.2 | (1.18) | 42.5 | (1.01) | 25.1 | (1.01) | 3.2 | (0.34) | 16.6 | (1.30) | 44.6 | (1.55) | 34.9 | (1.77) | 3.9 | (0.73) | 9.2 | (1.27) | 30.9 | (2.28) | 48.2 | (2.63) | 11.7 | (1.72) | |||||
| Japan | 5.3 | (0.43) | 23.4 | (0.90) | 48.4 | (1.06) | 22.9 | (0.75) | 5.8 | (0.78) | 30.1 | (1.42) | 51.1 | (1.45) | 13.0 | (1.03) | 1.1 | ! | (0.35) | 8.2 | (0.96) | 46.2 | (2.06) | 44.5 | (1.93) | ||||
| Korea, Republic of | 14.9 | (0.60) | 39.6 | (0.92) | 38.5 | (0.96) | 6.9 | (0.43) | 13.0 | (0.92) | 48.0 | (1.67) | 35.4 | (1.74) | 3.6 | (0.50) | 2.1 | (0.56) | 22.8 | (1.48) | 57.6 | (1.66) | 17.5 | (1.30 | |||||
| Lithuania4 | 17.3 | (0.91) | 42.8 | (1.31) | 33.9 | (1.27) | 6.0 | (0.70) | 21.3 | (1.20) | 47.2 | (1.50) | 27.7 | (1.35) | 3.8 | (0.65) | 4.2 | (0.80) | 31.4 | (2.31) | 52.0 | (2.57) | 12.3 | (1.75) | |||||
| Mexico5 | 54.1 | (1.04) | 35.2 | (1.16) | 10.0 | (0.80) | 0.7 | ! | (0.24) | 37.8 | (2.31) | 46.6 | (2.62) | 14.8 | (1.75) | ‡ | (†) | 19.7 | (2.14) | 47.6 | (3.36) | 29.3 | (2.82) | 3.5 | ! | (1.13) | |||
Netherlands |
13.4 | (0.56) | 27.5 | (0.82) | 41.1 | (0.84) | 18.0 | (0.74) | 8.9 | (0.96) | 30.9 | (1.47) | 46.5 | (1.56) | 13.8 | (1.04) | 2.7 | (0.59) | 12.7 | (1.09) | 47.5 | (1.52) | 37.0 | (1.56) | |||||
| New Zealand4 | 12.3 | (0.64) | 30.0 | (0.87) | 40.7 | (1.17) | 17.0 | (0.81) | 10.8 | (1.04) | 35.2 | (1.85) | 42.0 | (1.92) | 12.0 | (1.18) | 3.8 | (0.64) | 19.0 | (1.43) | 45.8 | (1.93) | 31.4 | (1.62) | |||||
| Northern Ireland (UK) | 18.4 | (1.29) | 37.0 | (1.71) | 34.7 | (1.76) | 9.9 | (0.78) | 13.8 | (1.97) | 41.1 | (2.91) | 37.6 | (3.61) | 7.5 | (1.21) | 3.2 | ! | (0.99) | 17.8 | (2.14) | 51.6 | (2.26) | 27.5 | (2.55) | ||||
| Norway | 12.5 | (0.67) | 30.1 | (0.90) | 42.6 | (0.86) | 14.9 | (0.67) | 13.1 | (1.26) | 37.7 | (1.62) | 41.5 | (1.47) | 7.7 | (0.95) | 4.5 | (0.57) | 16.3 | (1.09) | 50.1 | (1.44) | 29.0 | (1.26) | |||||
| Poland | 20.7 | (0.73) | 37.5 | (1.09) | 32.7 | (1.05) | 9.0 | (0.60) | 24.0 | (1.08) | 43.6 | (1.39) | 28.6 | (1.15) | 3.8 | (0.53) | 4.4 | (0.77) | 24.5 | (1.53) | 48.1 | (2.05) | 23.0 | (1.68) | |||||
Slovak Republic |
11.9 | (0.69) | 36.7 | (1.18) | 44.0 | (1.02) | 7.4 | (0.53) | 8.7 | (0.68) | 39.2 | (1.53) | 46.1 | (1.48) | 6.0 | (0.60) | 2.7 | ! | (0.84) | 23.3 | (2.01) | 57.4 | (2.04) | 16.6 | (1.85) | ||||
| Slovenia4 | 27.1 | (0.89) | 38.2 | (0.86) | 29.3 | (0.89) | 5.4 | (0.46) | 26.8 | (1.31) | 42.9 | (1.28) | 26.9 | (1.15) | 3.4 | (0.54) | 4.4 | (0.89) | 25.3 | (2.30) | 52.6 | (2.59) | 17.7 | (1.91) | |||||
| Spain | 29.2 | (0.84) | 39.1 | (0.84) | 27.0 | (0.76) | 4.8 | (0.43) | 21.0 | (1.42) | 46.1 | (1.96) | 29.5 | (1.81) | 3.5 | (0.82) | 5.8 | (0.90) | 29.3 | (1.76) | 50.1 | (2.15) | 14.8 | (1.40) | |||||
| Sweden | 14.1 | (0.71) | 29.0 | (1.13) | 40.5 | (0.99) | 16.4 | (0.62) | 11.7 | (0.96) | 32.9 | (1.71) | 44.9 | (1.83) | 10.5 | (0.90) | 4.9 | (0.64) | 13.2 | (1.35) | 44.5 | (1.78) | 37.4 | (1.90) | |||||
| Turkey4 | 49.3 | (1.27) | 39.1 | (1.31) | 11.0 | (0.70) | 0.5 | ! | (0.17) | 28.6 | (1.84) | 52.0 | (2.63) | 18.8 | (2.32) | ‡ | (†) | 14.7 | (2.35) | 48.2 | (3.71) | 33.8 | (3.11) | 3.3 | ! | (1.09) | |||
United States6 |
18.4 | (0.67) | 31.8 | (0.94) | 36.0 | (1.02) | 13.9 | (0.75) | 21.2 | (1.06) | 41.2 | (1.52) | 31.4 | (1.33) | 6.3 | (0.76) | 3.8 | (0.58) | 17.9 | (1.22) | 48.3 | (1.70) | 30.0 | (1.96) | |||||
Non-OECD participants |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cyprus7 |
14.4 | (0.73) | 39.7 | (1.31) | 38.7 | (1.18) | 7.1 | (0.53) | 14.5 | (1.20) | 43.1 | (2.24) | 37.5 | (2.17) | 4.8 | (0.79) | 4.6 | (0.94) | 29.9 | (2.42) | 49.3 | (2.27) | 16.2 | (1.45) | |||||
| Ecuador5 | 73.9 | (1.06) | 21.3 | (1.00) | 4.6 | (0.56) | ‡ | (†) | 68.9 | (1.81) | 26.3 | (1.85) | 4.6 | (0.98) | ‡ | (†) | 55.9 | (2.82) | 31.5 | (2.56) | 11.7 | (1.89) | ‡ | (†) | |||||
| Kazakhstan5 | 26.2 | (1.07) | 48.8 | (1.26) | 23.1 | (1.06) | 1.8 | (0.36) | 28.5 | (1.41) | 49.7 | (1.51) | 20.7 | (1.23) | 1.1 | ! | (0.35) | 19.1 | (1.36) | 48.9 | (1.92) | 28.8 | (1.72) | 3.2 | (0.74) | ||||
| Peru5 | 74.9 | (0.73) | 20.3 | (0.68) | 4.4 | (0.32) | 0.4 | (0.13) | 71.5 | (1.46) | 25.0 | (1.40) | 3.3 | (0.54) | ‡ | (†) | 38.1 | (2.43) | 40.4 | (2.47) | 18.8 | (2.16) | 2.6 | ! | (0.94) | ||||
| Russian Federation8 | 12.9 | (1.63) | 34.7 | (1.92) | 41.5 | (2.17) | 10.9 | (1.93) | 15.0 | (2.46) | 35.8 | (2.59) | 39.9 | (3.68) | 9.4 | ! | (2.87) | 9.8 | (1.85) | 31.2 | (3.01) | 45.3 | (3.29) | 13.7 | (2.60) | ||||
Singapore4 |
30.2 | (0.75) | 31.2 | (0.88) | 29.7 | (0.92) | 8.9 | (0.65) | 36.1 | (1.64) | 44.2 | (1.83) | 18.3 | (1.25) | 1.3 | ! | (0.45) | 4.2 | (0.58) | 21.7 | (1.63) | 51.3 | (1.97) | 22.8 | (1.84) | ||||
| Percentage distribution, by numeracy proficiency level | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OECD average3 | 24.7 | (0.18) | 33.0 | (0.18) | 31.0 | (0.18) | 11.2 | (0.11) | 22.5 | (0.24) | 39.0 | (0.30) | 31.3 | (0.28) | 7.1 | (0.16) | 6.5 | (0.21) | 22.5 | (0.35) | 44.0 | (0.43) | 26.9 | (0.35) | |||||
Austria |
15.0 | (0.72) | 34.2 | (0.96) | 37.0 | (1.05) | 13.8 | (0.66) | 11.7 | (0.90) | 37.1 | (1.27) | 39.6 | (1.41) | 11.5 | (0.88) | 2.5 | ! | (0.94) | 12.9 | (1.90) | 44.6 | (2.56) | 40.0 | (2.33) | ||||
| Canada | 23.3 | (0.57) | 31.8 | (0.65) | 32.2 | (0.76) | 12.7 | (0.50) | 26.8 | (1.21) | 38.0 | (1.25) | 29.2 | (1.17) | 6.0 | (0.58) | 8.3 | (0.67) | 23.5 | (1.12) | 42.0 | (1.58) | 26.2 | (1.23) | |||||
| Chile4 | 64.6 | (2.75) | 24.0 | (1.60) | 9.4 | (1.24) | 2.0 | (0.57) | 66.9 | (2.20) | 26.2 | (2.04) | 6.2 | (1.18) | ‡ | (†) | 16.0 | (3.16) | 40.3 | (4.67) | 35.2 | (5.16) | 8.5 | ! | (2.77) | ||||
| Czech Republic | 13.2 | (0.87) | 35.4 | (1.31) | 39.9 | (1.24) | 11.5 | (0.81) | 12.7 | (1.02) | 40.1 | (1.72) | 40.7 | (1.76) | 6.6 | (0.84) | 1.1 | ! | (0.44) | 13.5 | (2.52) | 50.0 | (3.70) | 35.4 | (3.22) | ||||
| Denmark | 14.3 | (0.58) | 29.7 | (0.78) | 38.3 | (0.82) | 17.7 | (0.56) | 12.8 | (1.07) | 35.4 | (1.41) | 39.8 | (1.37) | 12.0 | (1.37) | 5.5 | (0.64) | 14.0 | (1.36) | 41.9 | (1.70) | 38.7 | (1.91) | |||||
England (UK) |
24.1 | (1.04) | 32.8 | (1.15) | 30.7 | (1.08) | 12.3 | (0.85) | 22.4 | (1.43) | 37.1 | (1.79) | 31.8 | (2.03) | 8.8 | (1.35) | 8.1 | (1.61) | 23.2 | (1.95) | 42.1 | (2.07) | 26.6 | (1.92) | |||||
| Estonia | 15.0 | (0.55) | 36.6 | (0.71) | 37.4 | (0.63) | 11.0 | (0.46) | 16.5 | (0.95) | 42.3 | (1.15) | 34.6 | (1.07) | 6.5 | (0.60) | 4.2 | (0.64) | 21.4 | (1.48) | 49.0 | (2.02) | 25.5 | (1.55) | |||||
| Finland | 13.5 | (0.58) | 29.3 | (0.70) | 37.5 | (0.91) | 19.7 | (0.66) | 16.4 | (0.98) | 35.7 | (1.27) | 36.0 | (1.39) | 11.8 | (1.04) | 3.3 | (0.67) | 13.5 | (1.38) | 41.9 | (1.94) | 41.3 | (1.89) | |||||
| Flanders (Belgium) | 14.7 | (0.68) | 29.2 | (0.83) | 37.8 | (1.03) | 18.3 | (0.78) | 15.0 | (1.04) | 37.1 | (1.55) | 38.0 | (1.57) | 10.0 | (1.06) | 1.7 | ! | (0.63) | 8.4 | (1.45) | 41.4 | (2.45) | 48.4 | (2.52) | ||||
| France | 29.9 | (0.69) | 33.5 | (0.79) | 28.3 | (0.59) | 8.4 | (0.37) | 26.8 | (1.02) | 43.0 | (1.16) | 26.8 | (0.99) | 3.4 | (0.42) | 5.9 | (0.79) | 20.0 | (1.13) | 48.2 | (1.40) | 25.9 | (1.37) | |||||
Germany |
19.1 | (0.79) | 31.5 | (0.91) | 34.9 | (0.90) | 14.5 | (0.68) | 19.7 | (1.05) | 38.7 | (1.30) | 33.4 | (1.42) | 8.1 | (0.74) | 3.4 | (0.88) | 15.6 | (1.65) | 45.5 | (1.71) | 35.5 | (1.86) | |||||
| Greece4 | 29.1 | (1.17) | 40.1 | (1.29) | 24.9 | (1.11) | 5.9 | (0.56) | 26.1 | (1.38) | 44.1 | (1.80) | 26.0 | (1.76) | 3.7 | (0.69) | 9.4 | (1.64) | 32.6 | (2.59) | 39.7 | (2.59) | 18.3 | (2.11) | |||||
| Hungary5 | 17.9 | (0.68) | 32.4 | (0.98) | 35.1 | (0.93) | 14.6 | (0.70) | 14.5 | (0.91) | 39.6 | (1.58) | 37.2 | (1.47) | 8.7 | (0.83) | 1.9 | (0.45) | 16.3 | (1.36) | 45.9 | (2.18) | 35.9 | (2.02) | |||||
| Ireland | 25.8 | (0.94) | 37.7 | (0.96) | 28.7 | (0.89) | 7.8 | (0.66) | 23.8 | (1.57) | 43.6 | (1.58) | 28.1 | (1.37) | 4.5 | (0.72) | 5.2 | (0.89) | 26.8 | (1.74) | 46.5 | (2.31) | 21.5 | (2.14) | |||||
| Israel4 | 32.0 | (0.81) | 30.1 | (0.94) | 26.4 | (1.01) | 11.5 | (0.61) | 40.7 | (1.54) | 33.8 | (1.70) | 19.7 | (1.44) | 5.8 | (0.80) | 13.7 | (1.00) | 26.2 | (1.47) | 37.9 | (1.85) | 22.2 | (1.43) | |||||
Italy |
32.4 | (1.13) | 39.0 | (1.15) | 24.1 | (1.03) | 4.6 | (0.37) | 17.4 | (1.38) | 40.7 | (1.92) | 35.3 | (1.81) | 6.6 | (0.75) | 11.8 | (1.65) | 31.7 | (2.32) | 42.3 | (2.59) | 14.2 | (1.80) | |||||
| Japan | 8.2 | (0.55) | 27.7 | (0.92) | 44.4 | (0.94) | 19.7 | (0.70) | 8.6 | (1.01) | 34.0 | (1.56) | 46.3 | (1.61) | 11.0 | (1.10) | 1.0 | ! | (0.41) | 10.4 | (0.99) | 45.0 | (1.86) | 43.5 | (1.76) | ||||
| Korea, Republic of | 21.3 | (0.64) | 40.3 | (0.98) | 32.1 | (0.89) | 6.3 | (0.52) | 20.3 | (1.14) | 49.4 | (1.34) | 27.5 | (1.40) | 2.8 | (0.56) | 3.3 | (0.67) | 26.4 | (1.65) | 53.3 | (2.00) | 17.0 | (1.55) | |||||
| Lithuania4 | 20.1 | (0.91) | 39.3 | (1.13) | 31.0 | (1.00) | 9.5 | (0.75) | 24.9 | (1.33) | 44.8 | (1.49) | 25.9 | (1.31) | 4.4 | (0.73) | 4.4 | (0.89) | 25.2 | (1.97) | 46.9 | (2.25) | 23.5 | (1.94) | |||||
| Mexico5 | 62.5 | (1.02) | 29.0 | (0.91) | 7.9 | (0.53) | 0.7 | (0.19) | 44.1 | (2.09) | 42.6 | (2.16) | 12.4 | (1.48) | ‡ | (†) | 28.0 | (2.52) | 44.8 | (2.58) | 24.3 | (2.19) | 2.8 | ! | (0.97) | ||||
Netherlands |
14.5 | (0.60) | 28.6 | (0.85) | 39.3 | (1.00) | 17.6 | (0.72) | 10.5 | (1.13) | 32.4 | (1.78) | 43.3 | (1.93) | 13.8 | (1.10) | 2.8 | (0.64) | 15.6 | (1.14) | 46.8 | (1.78) | 34.9 | (1.78) | |||||
| New Zealand4 | 19.1 | (0.77) | 31.2 | (0.94) | 33.8 | (1.09) | 15.9 | (0.73) | 19.0 | (1.35) | 34.8 | (1.81) | 34.6 | (1.81) | 11.7 | (1.19) | 6.7 | (0.88) | 23.0 | (1.42) | 40.2 | (1.76) | 30.1 | (1.70) | |||||
| Northern Ireland (UK) | 26.0 | (1.54) | 36.1 | (1.36) | 29.4 | (1.34) | 8.5 | (0.74) | 20.4 | (2.01) | 42.9 | (2.24) | 30.9 | (2.52) | 5.8 | (1.19) | 4.8 | (1.10) | 21.5 | (2.20) | 49.2 | (2.74) | 24.5 | (2.32) | |||||
| Norway | 14.4 | (0.62) | 28.1 | (0.89) | 38.3 | (0.96) | 19.1 | (0.73) | 15.0 | (1.19) | 34.8 | (1.58) | 38.3 | (1.46) | 11.8 | (1.24) | 5.4 | (0.61) | 15.8 | (1.07) | 44.2 | (1.57) | 34.5 | (1.46) | |||||
| Poland | 24.9 | (0.88) | 37.5 | (1.03) | 29.4 | (1.10) | 8.1 | (0.63) | 28.2 | (1.11) | 42.7 | (1.52) | 25.3 | (1.25) | 3.9 | (0.62) | 7.3 | (1.00) | 28.0 | (1.77) | 44.7 | (2.28) | 20.0 | (1.63) | |||||
Slovak Republic |
14.1 | (0.65) | 32.5 | (0.96) | 40.8 | (1.07) | 12.6 | (0.72) | 9.9 | (0.71) | 36.0 | (1.21) | 44.0 | (1.32) | 10.2 | (0.93) | 2.0 | ! | (0.65) | 18.1 | (1.58) | 51.0 | (2.49) | 28.9 | (2.12) | ||||
| Slovenia4 | 27.8 | (0.83) | 34.4 | (0.98) | 29.3 | (1.00) | 8.5 | (0.65) | 25.7 | (1.26) | 39.3 | (1.47) | 28.8 | (1.35) | 6.1 | (0.72) | 3.9 | (0.98) | 21.4 | (1.64) | 50.5 | (2.83) | 24.2 | (2.32) | |||||
| Spain | 32.1 | (0.72) | 39.6 | (0.97) | 24.2 | (0.78) | 4.1 | (0.37) | 22.8 | (1.63) | 46.9 | (2.07) | 26.8 | (1.88) | 3.6 | (0.73) | 7.0 | (0.88) | 33.7 | (1.85) | 47.4 | (2.18) | 11.9 | (1.35) | |||||
| Sweden | 15.2 | (0.79) | 27.9 | (1.08) | 37.5 | (1.02) | 19.4 | (0.76) | 13.1 | (1.02) | 31.5 | (1.70) | 40.9 | (1.90) | 14.5 | (1.16) | 4.9 | (0.68) | 14.0 | (1.69) | 40.8 | (1.85) | 40.2 | (2.00) | |||||
| Turkey4 | 54.3 | (1.45) | 31.8 | (1.39) | 12.4 | (0.76) | 1.5 | (0.28) | 32.4 | (2.32) | 45.5 | (2.48) | 20.4 | (1.95) | 1.7 | ! | (0.59) | 12.4 | (1.94) | 37.8 | (2.87) | 40.7 | (3.39) | 9.1 | (1.66) | ||||
United States6 |
27.2 | (0.83) | 32.7 | (0.97) | 29.5 | (1.01) | 10.6 | (0.76) | 33.5 | (1.27) | 39.4 | (1.43) | 22.7 | (1.60) | 4.4 | (0.70) | 7.0 | (0.78) | 23.2 | (1.56) | 45.8 | (1.76) | 24.1 | (1.94) | |||||
Non-OECD participants |
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Cyprus7 |
18.9 | (0.81) | 38.6 | (1.17) | 33.9 | (1.17) | 8.7 | (0.62) | 17.4 | (1.30) | 42.1 | (1.93) | 34.1 | (1.99) | 6.4 | (1.08) | 5.6 | (0.96) | 28.5 | (2.07) | 46.1 | (2.26) | 19.9 | (1.62) | |||||
| Ecuador5 | 77.0 | (1.03) | 19.1 | (0.95) | 3.6 | (0.55) | ‡ | (†) | 73.9 | (1.64) | 23.2 | (1.58) | 2.8 | (0.57) | ‡ | (†) | 56.9 | (3.02) | 32.9 | (3.07) | 9.2 | (1.90) | ‡ | (†) | |||||
| Kazakhstan5 | 26.3 | (1.04) | 52.0 | (1.11) | 20.4 | (0.94) | 1.3 | (0.29) | 29.3 | (1.43) | 52.5 | (1.41) | 17.5 | (1.14) | 0.7 | ! | (0.22) | 19.4 | (1.38) | 52.4 | (2.00) | 25.7 | (1.61) | 2.5 | (0.67) | ||||
| Peru5 | 77.3 | (0.73) | 17.5 | (0.78) | 4.5 | (0.39) | 0.8 | (0.17) | 73.9 | (1.48) | 21.9 | (1.47) | 3.7 | (0.60) | 0.5 | ! | (0.23) | 41.6 | (2.14) | 37.5 | (2.16) | 17.0 | (1.92) | 3.8 | (1.01) | ||||
| Russian Federation8 | 14.4 | (1.66) | 39.8 | (1.95) | 38.1 | (1.74) | 7.7 | (1.44) | 17.1 | (3.00) | 41.5 | (3.33) | 35.5 | (3.59) | 5.9 | (1.74) | 8.5 | (1.59) | 36.7 | (2.84) | 42.9 | (2.56) | 11.9 | (2.27) | |||||
Singapore4 |
31.9 | (0.66) | 26.9 | (0.75) | 29.0 | (0.73) | 12.2 | (0.63) | 38.7 | (1.67) | 40.0 | (1.59) | 19.4 | (1.17) | 1.9 | (0.53) | 4.2 | (0.72) | 17.5 | (1.33) | 46.9 | (1.72) | 31.3 | (1.77) | |||||
| †Not applicable. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| !Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. |
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| ‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 Most of the education systems represent complete countries, but three of them represent subnational regions: England (which is part of the United Kingdom), Flanders (which is part of Belgium), and Northern Ireland (which is part of the United Kingdom). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 High school completion includes International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 1997 levels 3 and 4, with the exception of ISCED level 3C short programs. ISCED 3C short programs do not correspond to high school completion in the United States and are not included in the high school completion columns in this table. The data for bachelor’s or higher degree refer to degrees classified as ISCED 1997 level 5A and as level 6. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 Refers to the mean of the data values for all reporting Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries and subnational regions, to which each country or subnational region reporting data contributes equally. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 Data are from 2015. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5 Data are from 2017. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6 Results from the United States are based on combined data from 2012 and 2014. The 2017 data from the United States are not presented in this table. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7 Cyprus includes only the population under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 8 The Russian Federation does not include the population of the Moscow municipal region. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NOTE: In this table, scores below level 1 and scores at level 1 are combined into the "at or below level 1" reporting category; scores at level 4 and scores at level 5 are combined into the "at level 4 or level 5" reporting category. For both literacy and numeracy, the proficiency-level reporting categories correspond to the score ranges shown in parentheses: at or below level 1 (0-225.9), at level 2 (226.0-275.9), at level 3 (276.0-325.9), and at level 4 or level 5 (326.0-500.0). The main data collection for the PIAAC survey was completed in 2012. Unless otherwise noted, all countries' and subnational regions' results are based on the 2012 round of data collection. A second round of international data collection was completed in 2015; this round was conducted only in nine countries/regions that did not participate in the first round. Although Jakarta (Indonesia) participated in the second round of data collection, its data were not reported due to data issues. A third round of international data collection was completed in 2017; this round was conducted only in the United States and five other countries/regions that did not participate in the first or second round. In the United States only, a supplemental round of data collection was completed in 2014 to expand the sample of U.S. adults, allowing for more in-depth data analysis. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), U.S. PIAAC 2012/2014; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), PIAAC, 2012, 2015, and 2017. (This table was prepared June 2021.) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
