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| 2022 Tables and Figures | All Years of Tables and Figures | Most Recent Full Issue of the Digest |
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| Table 602.50. | Average reading literacy scores of 15-year-old students and percentage attaining reading literacy proficiency levels, by country or other education system: 2018 |
| [Standard errors appear in parentheses] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country or other education system |
Average reading literacy score1 |
Percentage attaining reading literacy proficiency levels2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Below level 2 | At level 2 | At level 3 | At level 4 | At or above level 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total below level 2 |
Below level 1c |
At level 1c | At level 1b | At level 1a | Total at or above level 5 |
At level 5 | At level 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OECD average3 | 487 | (0.4) | 22.6 | (0.16) | 0.1 | (0.01) | 1.4 | (0.04) | 6.2 | (0.09) | 15.0 | (0.12) | 23.7 | (0.13) | 26.0 | (0.14) | 18.9 | (0.12) | 8.7 | (0.10) | 7.4 | (0.09) | 1.3 | (0.04) | ||||||||||||
| Australia | 503 | (1.6) | 19.6 | (0.50) | 0.1 | !! | (0.06) | 1.4 | (0.15) | 5.6 | (0.29) | 12.5 | (0.36) | 21.1 | (0.48) | 25.4 | (0.51) | 20.9 | (0.49) | 13.0 | (0.46) | 10.3 | (0.36) | 2.7 | (0.21) | |||||||||||
| Austria | 484 | (2.7) | 23.6 | (1.02) | # | !! | (†) | 0.9 | (0.19) | 6.4 | (0.57) | 16.3 | (0.84) | 23.5 | (0.83) | 26.2 | (0.87) | 19.3 | (0.78) | 7.4 | (0.50) | 6.7 | (0.47) | 0.7 | (0.13) | |||||||||||
| Belgium | 493 | (2.3) | 21.3 | (0.88) | 0.1 | !! | (0.05) | 1.2 | (0.19) | 6.0 | (0.43) | 14.0 | (0.62) | 22.4 | (0.66) | 26.5 | (0.68) | 20.4 | (0.71) | 9.5 | (0.53) | 8.3 | (0.49) | 1.3 | (0.20) | |||||||||||
| Canada | 520 | (1.8) | 13.8 | (0.49) | # | !! | (†) | 0.7 | (0.11) | 3.1 | (0.20) | 10.0 | (0.39) | 20.1 | (0.57) | 27.2 | (0.46) | 24.0 | (0.51) | 15.0 | (0.55) | 12.2 | (0.46) | 2.8 | (0.23) | |||||||||||
| Chile | 452 | (2.6) | 31.7 | (1.20) | 0.1 | !! | (0.09) | 1.7 | (0.24) | 8.9 | (0.62) | 21.0 | (0.90) | 29.5 | (0.86) | 24.4 | (0.86) | 11.8 | (0.60) | 2.6 | (0.30) | 2.4 | (0.28) | 0.2 | ! | (0.07) | ||||||||||
Colombia4 |
412 | (3.3) | 49.9 | (1.71) | 0.2 | ! | (0.08) | 3.6 | (0.45) | 15.8 | (0.93) | 30.3 | (1.03) | 27.7 | (0.99) | 15.8 | (0.85) | 5.7 | (0.55) | 0.9 | (0.18) | 0.9 | (0.18) | # | !! | (†) | ||||||||||
| Czech Republic | 490 | (2.5) | 20.7 | (1.12) | 0.1 | !! | (0.06) | 0.7 | (0.21) | 5.0 | (0.54) | 15.0 | (0.78) | 25.0 | (0.87) | 26.9 | (0.90) | 19.1 | (0.78) | 8.2 | (0.54) | 7.2 | (0.48) | 1.1 | (0.19) | |||||||||||
| Denmark | 501 | (1.8) | 16.0 | (0.68) | # | !! | (†) | 0.5 | (0.14) | 3.5 | (0.31) | 11.9 | (0.54) | 23.9 | (0.80) | 30.1 | (0.89) | 21.6 | (0.80) | 8.4 | (0.51) | 7.3 | (0.48) | 1.1 | (0.20) | |||||||||||
| Estonia | 523 | (1.8) | 11.1 | (0.59) | # | (†) | 0.3 | ! | (0.10) | 2.1 | (0.23) | 8.7 | (0.50) | 21.2 | (0.86) | 29.9 | (0.87) | 24.0 | (0.80) | 13.9 | (0.70) | 11.1 | (0.57) | 2.8 | (0.32) | |||||||||||
| Finland | 520 | (2.3) | 13.5 | (0.71) | # | !! | (†) | 0.8 | (0.16) | 3.3 | (0.38) | 9.4 | (0.57) | 19.2 | (0.70) | 27.6 | (0.81) | 25.4 | (0.78) | 14.2 | (0.72) | 11.9 | (0.67) | 2.4 | (0.33) | |||||||||||
France |
493 | (2.3) | 20.9 | (0.74) | # | !! | (†) | 1.1 | (0.17) | 5.7 | (0.43) | 14.0 | (0.65) | 22.8 | (0.82) | 26.6 | (0.85) | 20.5 | (0.71) | 9.2 | (0.70) | 8.1 | (0.62) | 1.1 | (0.19) | |||||||||||
| Germany | 498 | (3.0) | 20.7 | (1.05) | 0.1 | !! | (0.05) | 1.3 | (0.26) | 5.7 | (0.51) | 13.6 | (0.84) | 21.1 | (0.81) | 25.4 | (0.75) | 21.5 | (0.87) | 11.3 | (0.69) | 9.5 | (0.60) | 1.8 | (0.23) | |||||||||||
| Greece | 457 | (3.6) | 30.5 | (1.51) | 0.1 | !! | (0.07) | 2.1 | (0.33) | 9.3 | (0.75) | 19.0 | (0.90) | 27.3 | (0.79) | 25.2 | (1.04) | 13.3 | (0.80) | 3.7 | (0.50) | 3.3 | (0.44) | 0.3 | ! | (0.11) | ||||||||||
| Hungary | 476 | (2.3) | 25.3 | (0.91) | # | !! | (†) | 1.2 | (0.23) | 7.0 | (0.62) | 17.0 | (0.77) | 25.2 | (0.87) | 26.3 | (0.93) | 17.5 | (0.79) | 5.7 | (0.54) | 5.2 | (0.48) | 0.5 | (0.15) | |||||||||||
| Iceland | 474 | (1.7) | 26.4 | (0.86) | 0.1 | !! | (0.08) | 2.3 | (0.35) | 8.0 | (0.72) | 15.9 | (0.85) | 24.6 | (0.95) | 25.1 | (0.85) | 16.9 | (0.73) | 7.1 | (0.57) | 6.2 | (0.58) | 0.9 | (0.23) | |||||||||||
Ireland |
518 | (2.2) | 11.8 | (0.67) | # | !! | (†) | 0.2 | ! | (0.08) | 2.1 | (0.27) | 9.5 | (0.60) | 21.7 | (0.82) | 30.3 | (0.86) | 24.1 | (0.79) | 12.1 | (0.67) | 10.3 | (0.58) | 1.8 | (0.27) | ||||||||||
| Israel | 470 | (3.7) | 31.1 | (1.30) | 0.7 | (0.19) | 5.0 | (0.51) | 10.4 | (0.67) | 15.0 | (0.85) | 19.4 | (0.74) | 21.6 | (0.79) | 17.5 | (0.79) | 10.4 | (0.66) | 8.4 | (0.55) | 2.0 | (0.28) | ||||||||||||
| Italy | 476 | (2.4) | 23.3 | (0.97) | 0.1 | ! | (0.07) | 1.7 | (0.27) | 6.7 | (0.58) | 14.8 | (0.71) | 26.3 | (0.88) | 28.2 | (0.94) | 16.9 | (0.71) | 5.3 | (0.48) | 4.9 | (0.43) | 0.5 | (0.13) | |||||||||||
| Japan | 504 | (2.7) | 16.8 | (0.96) | 0.1 | !! | (0.04) | 0.7 | (0.16) | 4.1 | (0.43) | 12.0 | (0.66) | 22.5 | (0.85) | 28.6 | (0.95) | 21.9 | (0.76) | 10.3 | (0.72) | 8.6 | (0.63) | 1.7 | (0.26) | |||||||||||
| Korea, Republic of | 514 | (2.9) | 15.1 | (0.91) | 0.1 | !! | (0.06) | 1.1 | (0.20) | 4.3 | (0.38) | 9.6 | (0.66) | 19.6 | (0.69) | 27.6 | (0.80) | 24.6 | (0.82) | 13.1 | (0.87) | 10.8 | (0.65) | 2.3 | (0.36) | |||||||||||
Latvia |
479 | (1.6) | 22.4 | (0.75) | # | !! | (†) | 0.6 | (0.14) | 5.2 | (0.44) | 16.6 | (0.61) | 27.4 | (0.85) | 28.8 | (0.84) | 16.6 | (0.73) | 4.8 | (0.43) | 4.4 | (0.43) | 0.4 | ! | (0.14) | ||||||||||
| Lithuania | 476 | (1.5) | 24.4 | (0.75) | # | !! | (†) | 1.0 | (0.20) | 6.3 | (0.42) | 17.0 | (0.59) | 26.1 | (0.75) | 27.7 | (0.74) | 16.9 | (0.58) | 5.0 | (0.37) | 4.5 | (0.37) | 0.4 | (0.11) | |||||||||||
| Luxembourg | 470 | (1.1) | 29.3 | (0.57) | 0.2 | !! | (0.09) | 2.4 | (0.23) | 9.2 | (0.44) | 17.6 | (0.59) | 23.7 | (0.67) | 23.5 | (0.74) | 15.9 | (0.62) | 7.6 | (0.49) | 6.4 | (0.44) | 1.3 | (0.18) | |||||||||||
| Mexico4 | 420 | (2.7) | 44.7 | (1.33) | # | !! | (†) | 2.5 | (0.40) | 13.1 | (0.79) | 29.1 | (1.10) | 31.7 | (1.00) | 17.5 | (0.88) | 5.3 | (0.64) | 0.8 | (0.19) | 0.7 | (0.19) | # | !! | (†) | ||||||||||
| Netherlands5 | 485 | (2.7) | 24.1 | (1.03) | 0.1 | !! | (0.08) | 1.3 | (0.25) | 7.0 | (0.59) | 15.6 | (0.72) | 23.7 | (0.81) | 24.3 | (1.05) | 18.8 | (0.84) | 9.1 | (0.61) | 7.9 | (0.57) | 1.2 | (0.22) | |||||||||||
New Zealand |
506 | (2.0) | 19.0 | (0.79) | 0.1 | !! | (0.05) | 1.0 | (0.19) | 5.2 | (0.48) | 12.7 | (0.62) | 20.8 | (0.73) | 24.6 | (0.71) | 22.5 | (0.71) | 13.1 | (0.61) | 10.7 | (0.58) | 2.4 | (0.32) | |||||||||||
| Norway | 499 | (2.2) | 19.3 | (0.77) | 0.1 | ! | (0.05) | 1.7 | (0.20) | 5.6 | (0.42) | 11.9 | (0.56) | 21.5 | (0.72) | 26.4 | (0.88) | 21.6 | (0.81) | 11.3 | (0.60) | 9.6 | (0.57) | 1.6 | (0.24) | |||||||||||
| Poland | 512 | (2.7) | 14.7 | (0.75) | # | !! | (†) | 0.5 | (0.14) | 3.3 | (0.34) | 10.8 | (0.65) | 22.4 | (0.77) | 27.7 | (0.79) | 23.0 | (0.82) | 12.2 | (0.84) | 10.1 | (0.71) | 2.1 | (0.34) | |||||||||||
| Portugal6 | 492 | (2.4) | 20.2 | (0.92) | # | !! | (†) | 0.9 | (0.18) | 5.0 | (0.49) | 14.3 | (0.69) | 23.3 | (0.74) | 28.2 | (0.84) | 21.0 | (0.88) | 7.3 | (0.63) | 6.5 | (0.61) | 0.8 | (0.17) | |||||||||||
| Slovak Republic | 458 | (2.2) | 31.4 | (0.98) | 0.1 | !! | (0.08) | 2.3 | (0.34) | 9.2 | (0.68) | 19.8 | (0.78) | 26.9 | (0.91) | 23.5 | (0.95) | 13.6 | (0.69) | 4.6 | (0.41) | 4.1 | (0.36) | 0.5 | ! | (0.15) | ||||||||||
Slovenia |
495 | (1.2) | 17.9 | (0.66) | # | !! | (†) | 0.6 | (0.16) | 4.3 | (0.39) | 12.9 | (0.54) | 24.5 | (0.75) | 29.5 | (0.88) | 20.3 | (0.68) | 7.8 | (0.46) | 6.8 | (0.47) | 1.0 | (0.22) | |||||||||||
| Spain7 | --- | (†) | --- | (†) | --- | (†) | --- | (†) | --- | (†) | --- | (†) | --- | (†) | --- | (†) | --- | (†) | --- | (†) | --- | (†) | --- | (†) | ||||||||||||
| Sweden | 506 | (3.0) | 18.4 | (1.03) | 0.2 | ! | (0.07) | 1.5 | (0.20) | 5.1 | (0.50) | 11.6 | (0.72) | 20.6 | (0.76) | 25.5 | (0.75) | 22.3 | (0.81) | 13.3 | (0.73) | 10.9 | (0.68) | 2.4 | (0.27) | |||||||||||
| Switzerland | 484 | (3.1) | 23.6 | (1.08) | 0.1 | !! | (0.06) | 1.3 | (0.26) | 7.1 | (0.59) | 15.1 | (0.74) | 23.4 | (0.95) | 26.3 | (0.83) | 18.5 | (0.76) | 8.1 | (0.68) | 6.9 | (0.64) | 1.2 | (0.24) | |||||||||||
| Turkey4 | 466 | (2.2) | 26.1 | (1.05) | # | !! | (†) | 0.7 | (0.17) | 6.3 | (0.61) | 19.1 | (0.72) | 30.2 | (0.88) | 26.9 | (0.98) | 13.5 | (0.60) | 3.3 | (0.50) | 3.1 | (0.46) | 0.2 | ! | (0.09) | ||||||||||
United Kingdom |
504 | (2.6) | 17.3 | (0.89) | # | !! | (†) | 0.8 | (0.16) | 4.2 | (0.39) | 12.3 | (0.68) | 23.0 | (0.72) | 27.2 | (0.67) | 21.0 | (0.82) | 11.5 | (0.76) | 9.5 | (0.63) | 2.0 | (0.24) | |||||||||||
| United States5 | 505 | (3.6) | 19.3 | (1.11) | 0.1 | !! | (0.05) | 1.1 | (0.25) | 5.4 | (0.47) | 12.7 | (0.76) | 21.1 | (0.80) | 24.7 | (0.77) | 21.4 | (0.84) | 13.5 | (0.86) | 10.7 | (0.72) | 2.8 | (0.36) | |||||||||||
Non-OECD education systems |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Albania | 405 | (1.9) | 52.2 | (1.09) | 0.1 | !! | (0.08) | 2.9 | (0.30) | 16.4 | (0.73) | 32.8 | (0.94) | 29.9 | (0.78) | 14.0 | (0.71) | 3.5 | (0.36) | 0.4 | (0.10) | 0.4 | (0.10) | # | !! | (†) | ||||||||||
| Argentina | 402 | (3.0) | 52.1 | (1.35) | 1.3 | (0.23) | 6.7 | (0.57) | 17.4 | (0.73) | 26.7 | (0.87) | 25.7 | (0.82) | 16.2 | (0.71) | 5.3 | (0.46) | 0.7 | (0.16) | 0.7 | (0.15) | # | !! | (†) | |||||||||||
| Baku (Azerbaijan)8 | 389 | (2.5) | 60.4 | (1.30) | 0.1 | ! | (0.06) | 3.7 | (0.36) | 19.6 | (0.81) | 37.0 | (1.07) | 28.6 | (0.87) | 9.2 | (0.64) | 1.6 | (0.41) | 0.1 | !! | (0.12) | 0.1 | !! | (0.11) | # | !! | (†) | ||||||||
| Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang (China) |
555 | (2.7) | 5.2 | (0.61) | # | !! | (†) | 0.1 | !! | (0.06) | 0.7 | (0.16) | 4.3 | (0.53) | 14.3 | (0.83) | 27.9 | (0.97) | 30.8 | (0.97) | 21.7 | (1.11) | 17.5 | (0.88) | 4.2 | (0.58) | ||||||||||
| Belarus | 474 | (2.4) | 23.4 | (1.04) | # | !! | (†) | 0.8 | (0.19) | 5.8 | (0.49) | 16.8 | (0.80) | 28.7 | (0.85) | 28.0 | (0.96) | 16.0 | (0.73) | 3.9 | (0.42) | 3.7 | (0.40) | 0.3 | (0.08) | |||||||||||
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
403 | (2.9) | 53.7 | (1.64) | 0.1 | !! | (0.06) | 2.8 | (0.37) | 17.5 | (0.97) | 33.2 | (1.06) | 28.8 | (1.13) | 14.3 | (0.91) | 3.0 | (0.39) | 0.2 | ! | (0.07) | 0.2 | ! | (0.07) | # | (†) | |||||||||
| Brazil4 | 413 | (2.1) | 50.0 | (0.90) | 0.4 | (0.10) | 5.3 | (0.40) | 17.7 | (0.57) | 26.7 | (0.66) | 24.5 | (0.62) | 16.3 | (0.60) | 7.4 | (0.46) | 1.8 | (0.24) | 1.7 | (0.22) | 0.2 | ! | (0.06) | |||||||||||
| Brunei Darussalam | 408 | (0.9) | 51.8 | (0.61) | 0.3 | ! | (0.12) | 5.4 | (0.32) | 19.1 | (0.53) | 27.0 | (0.74) | 24.5 | (0.57) | 15.5 | (0.51) | 6.9 | (0.33) | 1.3 | (0.22) | 1.3 | (0.21) | # | !! | (†) | ||||||||||
| Bulgaria4 | 420 | (3.9) | 47.1 | (1.69) | 0.3 | ! | (0.10) | 4.6 | (0.63) | 17.1 | (1.09) | 25.1 | (0.93) | 24.9 | (0.97) | 17.3 | (0.94) | 8.4 | (0.70) | 2.3 | (0.36) | 2.2 | (0.32) | 0.2 | ! | (0.07) | ||||||||||
| Chinese Taipei | 503 | (2.8) | 17.8 | (0.81) | 0.1 | ! | (0.07) | 1.2 | (0.19) | 4.5 | (0.40) | 12.0 | (0.59) | 21.8 | (0.70) | 27.4 | (0.80) | 22.0 | (0.89) | 10.9 | (0.81) | 9.3 | (0.67) | 1.6 | (0.31) | |||||||||||
Costa Rica4 |
426 | (3.4) | 42.0 | (1.62) | 0.1 | !! | (0.05) | 1.8 | (0.32) | 11.3 | (0.70) | 28.9 | (1.14) | 32.1 | (1.10) | 19.4 | (1.07) | 5.9 | (0.85) | 0.6 | (0.16) | 0.6 | (0.16) | # | (†) | |||||||||||
| Croatia | 479 | (2.7) | 21.6 | (1.16) | # | !! | (†) | 0.7 | (0.16) | 5.0 | (0.53) | 15.9 | (0.76) | 28.3 | (0.86) | 29.0 | (1.00) | 16.4 | (0.82) | 4.7 | (0.47) | 4.3 | (0.45) | 0.4 | (0.09) | |||||||||||
| Cyprus | 424 | (1.4) | 43.7 | (0.72) | 0.3 | ! | (0.09) | 4.3 | (0.33) | 15.0 | (0.58) | 24.1 | (0.77) | 26.9 | (0.70) | 19.3 | (0.65) | 8.4 | (0.39) | 1.8 | (0.21) | 1.7 | (0.21) | 0.1 | !! | (0.07) | ||||||||||
| Dominican Republic4 | 342 | (2.9) | 79.1 | (1.29) | 1.1 | (0.25) | 15.9 | (0.91) | 33.3 | (1.06) | 28.8 | (1.01) | 15.0 | (0.91) | 4.9 | (0.54) | 0.9 | (0.22) | 0.1 | !! | (0.06) | 0.1 | !! | (0.06) | # | !! | (†) | |||||||||
| Georgia | 380 | (2.2) | 64.4 | (1.11) | 0.4 | ! | (0.13) | 7.0 | (0.54) | 24.2 | (0.91) | 32.8 | (0.81) | 22.9 | (0.82) | 10.1 | (0.56) | 2.4 | (0.31) | 0.2 | ! | (0.10) | 0.2 | ! | (0.10) | # | !! | (†) | ||||||||
Hong Kong (China)5 |
524 | (2.7) | 12.6 | (0.76) | 0.1 | !! | (0.05) | 0.9 | (0.22) | 3.5 | (0.41) | 8.1 | (0.58) | 17.8 | (0.72) | 27.7 | (0.70) | 27.1 | (0.80) | 14.8 | (0.73) | 12.5 | (0.62) | 2.3 | (0.26) | |||||||||||
| Indonesia | 371 | (2.6) | 69.9 | (1.42) | 0.2 | !! | (0.11) | 6.3 | (0.65) | 26.7 | (1.03) | 36.7 | (1.11) | 21.8 | (0.99) | 7.2 | (0.77) | 1.1 | (0.24) | 0.1 | !! | (0.04) | 0.1 | !! | (0.04) | # | !! | (†) | ||||||||
| Jordan4 | 419 | (2.9) | 41.2 | (1.40) | 1.1 | (0.22) | 4.0 | (0.50) | 11.1 | (0.70) | 25.0 | (0.85) | 33.8 | (1.00) | 20.5 | (0.92) | 4.3 | (0.45) | 0.3 | ! | (0.09) | 0.3 | ! | (0.09) | # | !! | (†) | |||||||||
| Kazakhstan | 387 | (1.5) | 64.2 | (0.73) | 0.1 | !! | (0.04) | 3.5 | (0.32) | 22.2 | (0.70) | 38.4 | (0.69) | 23.9 | (0.51) | 8.9 | (0.35) | 2.6 | (0.25) | 0.4 | (0.08) | 0.4 | (0.08) | # | !! | (†) | ||||||||||
| Kosovo | 353 | (1.1) | 78.7 | (0.65) | 0.3 | ! | (0.09) | 8.7 | (0.57) | 31.7 | (0.81) | 38.0 | (1.00) | 17.5 | (0.65) | 3.6 | (0.35) | 0.2 | ! | (0.10) | # | !! | (†) | # | !! | (†) | # | (†) | ||||||||
Lebanon |
353 | (4.3) | 67.8 | (1.52) | 6.3 | (0.65) | 16.9 | (1.03) | 23.0 | (0.93) | 21.6 | (0.84) | 17.4 | (0.92) | 10.5 | (0.68) | 3.7 | (0.48) | 0.7 | (0.16) | 0.7 | (0.16) | # | !! | (†) | |||||||||||
| Macao (China) | 525 | (1.2) | 10.8 | (0.53) | # | !! | (†) | 0.3 | ! | (0.11) | 2.2 | (0.25) | 8.2 | (0.56) | 19.4 | (0.75) | 29.8 | (0.83) | 26.1 | (0.73) | 13.8 | (0.64) | 11.7 | (0.60) | 2.1 | (0.25) | ||||||||||
| Malaysia4 | 415 | (2.9) | 45.8 | (1.41) | 0.2 | ! | (0.09) | 3.6 | (0.39) | 14.2 | (0.77) | 27.9 | (0.93) | 31.4 | (0.95) | 17.9 | (0.93) | 4.3 | (0.56) | 0.5 | ! | (0.18) | 0.5 | ! | (0.18) | # | !! | (†) | ||||||||
| Malta | 448 | (1.7) | 35.9 | (0.82) | 0.7 | ! | (0.22) | 4.8 | (0.44) | 11.9 | (0.70) | 18.5 | (0.89) | 23.7 | (0.90) | 21.7 | (0.90) | 13.4 | (0.89) | 5.3 | (0.48) | 4.5 | (0.51) | 0.9 | (0.20) | |||||||||||
| Moldova, Republic of | 424 | (2.4) | 43.0 | (1.15) | 0.4 | ! | (0.14) | 3.9 | (0.46) | 13.5 | (0.66) | 25.2 | (0.82) | 28.0 | (0.93) | 20.8 | (0.94) | 7.2 | (0.62) | 1.0 | (0.28) | 1.0 | (0.27) | # | !! | (†) | ||||||||||
Montenegro, Republic of |
421 | (1.1) | 44.4 | (0.69) | 0.1 | !! | (0.06) | 2.8 | (0.27) | 13.5 | (0.53) | 28.0 | (0.68) | 30.5 | (0.64) | 18.3 | (0.56) | 6.0 | (0.40) | 0.8 | (0.22) | 0.8 | (0.22) | # | !! | (†) | ||||||||||
| Morocco4 | 359 | (3.1) | 73.3 | (1.62) | 0.3 | (0.07) | 8.8 | (0.69) | 30.8 | (1.30) | 33.4 | (0.90) | 20.6 | (1.21) | 5.6 | (0.50) | 0.5 | (0.13) | # | !! | (†) | # | !! | (†) | # | (†) | ||||||||||
| North Macedonia | 393 | (1.1) | 55.1 | (0.73) | 1.6 | (0.22) | 7.3 | (0.46) | 18.3 | (0.79) | 27.9 | (1.01) | 26.6 | (0.82) | 14.4 | (0.58) | 3.5 | (0.34) | 0.3 | ! | (0.15) | 0.3 | ! | (0.16) | # | !! | (†) | |||||||||
| Panama4 | 377 | (3.0) | 64.3 | (1.42) | 1.0 | (0.22) | 8.4 | (0.77) | 23.4 | (0.93) | 31.5 | (1.04) | 23.0 | (0.85) | 9.9 | (0.86) | 2.6 | (0.44) | 0.2 | ! | (0.09) | 0.2 | ! | (0.09) | # | !! | (†) | |||||||||
| Peru4 | 401 | (3.0) | 54.3 | (1.34) | 0.4 | ! | (0.12) | 5.5 | (0.48) | 19.6 | (0.90) | 28.9 | (0.93) | 25.8 | (0.69) | 14.3 | (0.71) | 4.8 | (0.54) | 0.8 | (0.19) | 0.7 | (0.19) | # | !! | (†) | ||||||||||
Philippines4 |
340 | (3.3) | 80.6 | (1.42) | 0.5 | (0.14) | 15.1 | (0.90) | 38.3 | (1.06) | 26.7 | (0.85) | 13.1 | (0.74) | 5.1 | (0.66) | 1.1 | (0.30) | 0.1 | !! | (0.04) | 0.1 | !! | (0.04) | # | !! | (†) | |||||||||
| Qatar | 407 | (0.8) | 50.9 | (0.43) | 1.2 | (0.12) | 8.5 | (0.30) | 17.6 | (0.39) | 23.6 | (0.49) | 23.4 | (0.43) | 15.8 | (0.36) | 7.3 | (0.26) | 2.6 | (0.16) | 2.2 | (0.17) | 0.4 | (0.08) | ||||||||||||
| Romania4 | 428 | (5.1) | 40.8 | (2.15) | 0.8 | ! | (0.26) | 4.3 | (0.62) | 12.9 | (1.01) | 22.8 | (1.21) | 28.1 | (1.05) | 20.9 | (1.28) | 8.7 | (1.02) | 1.4 | (0.32) | 1.3 | (0.30) | 0.1 | !! | (0.05) | ||||||||||
| Russian Federation | 479 | (3.1) | 22.1 | (1.22) | # | !! | (0.03) | 1.0 | (0.25) | 5.6 | (0.56) | 15.5 | (0.86) | 28.1 | (0.84) | 28.0 | (0.83) | 16.4 | (0.73) | 5.4 | (0.52) | 4.8 | (0.46) | 0.6 | (0.13) | |||||||||||
| Saudi Arabia | 399 | (3.0) | 52.4 | (1.46) | 0.5 | (0.16) | 5.3 | (0.62) | 17.0 | (0.87) | 29.4 | (0.90) | 30.4 | (1.06) | 14.6 | (0.77) | 2.6 | (0.31) | 0.1 | !! | (0.07) | 0.1 | !! | (0.07) | # | (†) | ||||||||||
Serbia |
439 | (3.3) | 37.7 | (1.52) | 0.1 | !! | (0.08) | 2.7 | (0.36) | 12.2 | (0.82) | 22.7 | (0.81) | 27.8 | (0.85) | 21.8 | (0.85) | 10.1 | (0.69) | 2.5 | (0.32) | 2.4 | (0.31) | 0.2 | ! | (0.07) | ||||||||||
| Singapore | 549 | (1.6) | 11.2 | (0.48) | # | !! | (†) | 0.5 | (0.09) | 3.0 | (0.30) | 7.7 | (0.38) | 14.2 | (0.53) | 22.3 | (0.65) | 26.4 | (0.59) | 25.8 | (0.69) | 18.5 | (0.68) | 7.3 | (0.37) | |||||||||||
| Thailand4 | 393 | (3.2) | 59.5 | (1.74) | 0.1 | !! | (0.05) | 3.6 | (0.46) | 20.6 | (1.11) | 35.3 | (1.14) | 26.0 | (0.97) | 11.6 | (0.92) | 2.7 | (0.43) | 0.2 | ! | (0.07) | 0.2 | ! | (0.07) | # | !! | (†) | ||||||||
| Ukraine | 466 | (3.5) | 25.9 | (1.44) | 0.2 | ! | (0.08) | 1.8 | (0.29) | 7.2 | (0.69) | 16.7 | (0.87) | 27.7 | (0.81) | 28.5 | (0.97) | 14.5 | (0.82) | 3.4 | (0.48) | 3.2 | (0.44) | 0.2 | !! | (0.11) | ||||||||||
| United Arab Emirates | 432 | (2.3) | 42.9 | (0.81) | 0.6 | (0.09) | 5.8 | (0.33) | 14.9 | (0.49) | 21.6 | (0.44) | 23.4 | (0.53) | 18.1 | (0.50) | 10.8 | (0.55) | 4.8 | (0.28) | 4.1 | (0.28) | 0.7 | (0.11) | ||||||||||||
Uruguay |
427 | (2.8) | 41.9 | (1.28) | 0.3 | ! | (0.10) | 4.0 | (0.40) | 13.6 | (0.76) | 24.0 | (0.89) | 28.1 | (1.10) | 20.1 | (0.84) | 8.3 | (0.69) | 1.5 | (0.25) | 1.5 | (0.24) | 0.1 | !! | (0.06) | ||||||||||
| Vietnam9 | --- | (†) | --- | (†) | --- | (†) | --- | (†) | --- | (†) | --- | (†) | --- | (†) | --- | (†) | --- | (†) | --- | (†) | --- | (†) | --- | (†) | ||||||||||||
| ---Not available. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Not applicable. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| #Rounds to zero. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| !Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| !!Interpret data with caution. Estimate could be unstable because the standard error represents more than 50 percent of the estimate. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) scores are reported on a scale from 0 to 1,000. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 To reach a particular proficiency level, a student must correctly answer a majority of items at that level. Students were classified into reading literacy levels according to their scores. Exact cut scores are as follows: below level 1c (a score less than 189.33); level 1c (a score of at least 189.33 but less than 262.04); level 1b (a score of at least 262.04 but less than 334.75); level 1a (a score of at least 334.75 but less than 407.47); level 2 (a score of at least 407.47 but less than 480.18); level 3 (a score of at least 480.18 but less than 552.89); level 4 (a score of at least 552.89 but less than 625.61); level 5 (a score of at least 625.61 but less than 698.32); and level 6 (a score of at least 698.32). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 Refers to the mean of the data values for all Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, to which each country contributes equally, regardless of the absolute size of the student population of each country. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 At least 50 percent but less than 75 percent of the 15-year-old population is covered by the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) sample. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5 Did not meet 85 percent threshold for school participation. However, data are considered to be largely comparable with data from other countries or education systems. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6 Did not meet 80 percent threshold for student participation. However, data are considered to be largely comparable with data from other countries or education systems. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7 Although Spain's PISA 2018 data met international technical standards, its reading literacy data show unusual student response behaviors that prevent these data from being reported at this time. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 8 Less than 50 percent of the 15-year-old population is covered by the PISA sample. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 9 Although Vietnam participated in PISA 2018, technical problems with its data prevent results from being included in this table. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), 2018. (This table was prepared December 2019.) |
