Table 233.28.

Percentage of students receiving selected disciplinary actions in public elementary and secondary schools, by type of disciplinary action, disability status, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2017-18

Disability status, sex, and race/ethnicity	Corporal punish-ment1	One or more in-school suspensions2	Out-of-school suspensions3			Expulsions4				Referral to law enforce-ment5	School-related arrest6
			Total	Only one	More than one	Total7		With educa- tional services	Without educa- tional services
						All expul-sions8	Under zero-tolerance policies9
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
All students
Total	0.14	5.21	4.96	3.12	1.84	0.20	0.02	0.16	0.04	0.45	0.11
Sex
Male	0.22	7.05	6.81	4.18	2.63	0.29	0.04	0.23	0.06	0.61	0.15
Female	0.05	3.27	3.01	2.00	1.01	0.11	0.01	0.09	0.02	0.28	0.07
Race/ethnicity10
White	0.15	4.22	3.42	2.29	1.13	0.15	0.02	0.11	0.04	0.36	0.08
Black	0.34	10.55	12.30	6.97	5.33	0.49	0.04	0.40	0.09	0.84	0.22
Hispanic	0.04	4.43	3.97	2.69	1.28	0.16	0.02	0.13	0.03	0.43	0.10
Asian	#	1.02	1.02	0.79	0.23	0.03	#	0.02	0.01	0.14	0.02
Pacific Islander	0.03	3.25	4.88	3.43	1.46	0.12	0.02	0.09	0.03	0.46	0.26
American Indian/Alaska Native	0.27	6.54	6.90	4.26	2.64	0.25	0.04	0.17	0.08	0.75	0.17
Two or more races	0.08	5.35	5.52	3.36	2.16	0.20	0.03	0.15	0.05	0.48	0.11
Race/ethnicity by sex10
Male
White	0.25	6.07	5.06	3.31	1.75	0.22	0.04	0.16	0.05	0.51	0.11
Black	0.50	13.31	15.76	8.61	7.15	0.66	0.05	0.54	0.12	1.08	0.28
Hispanic	0.07	5.94	5.48	3.60	1.87	0.23	0.03	0.19	0.04	0.58	0.14
Asian	0.01	1.53	1.57	1.20	0.37	0.05	0.01	0.04	0.01	0.19	0.03
Pacific Islander	0.04	4.35	6.48	4.38	2.11	0.18	0.03	0.14	0.04	0.62	0.33
American Indian/Alaska Native	0.45	8.58	9.29	5.58	3.71	0.36	0.06	0.25	0.11	0.96	0.22
Two or more races	0.13	7.27	7.70	4.55	3.15	0.28	0.04	0.21	0.07	0.65	0.14
Female
White	0.05	2.27	1.69	1.22	0.48	0.07	0.01	0.06	0.02	0.20	0.04
Black	0.17	7.69	8.71	5.27	3.44	0.31	0.02	0.26	0.06	0.59	0.16
Hispanic	0.02	2.87	2.40	1.73	0.66	0.09	0.01	0.07	0.01	0.27	0.06
Asian	#	0.49	0.45	0.36	0.09	0.01	#	0.01	#	0.07	0.01
Pacific Islander	0.01	2.09	3.20	2.43	0.77	0.06	#	0.04	0.02	0.29	0.18
American Indian/Alaska Native	0.09	4.41	4.40	2.87	1.53	0.13	0.02	0.09	0.04	0.53	0.12
Two or more races	0.04	3.40	3.30	2.15	1.15	0.12	0.01	0.09	0.03	0.30	0.07
Students with disabilities
Total	0.17	8.06	8.80	4.99	3.81	0.32	0.04	0.27	0.04	0.85	0.20
Sex
Male	0.22	9.59	10.66	5.93	4.73	0.39	0.05	0.33	0.06	1.02	0.24
Female	0.07	5.20	5.32	3.25	2.07	0.18	0.02	0.16	0.02	0.54	0.13
Race/ethnicity10,11
White	0.20	7.24	7.30	4.30	3.00	0.24	0.04	0.20	0.04	0.73	0.15
Black	0.32	13.80	18.44	9.41	9.03	0.72	0.05	0.65	0.07	1.61	0.41
Hispanic	0.05	6.45	7.01	4.22	2.79	0.25	0.03	0.21	0.04	0.78	0.19
Asian	0.01	1.73	2.34	1.58	0.76	0.05	#	0.04	0.01	0.27	0.04
Pacific Islander	0.05	4.21	8.35	5.11	3.24	0.10	0.02	0.09	0.01	0.86	0.51
American Indian/Alaska Native	0.32	8.29	9.79	5.50	4.29	0.35	0.05	0.29	0.06	1.11	0.23
Two or more races	0.10	8.68	10.87	5.79	5.09	0.33	0.05	0.28	0.06	0.95	0.21
Race/ethnicity by sex10,11
Male
White	0.26	8.80	9.11	5.26	3.85	0.31	0.05	0.25	0.05	0.89	0.19
Black	0.41	15.43	20.86	10.37	10.49	0.83	0.06	0.75	0.08	1.83	0.46
Hispanic	0.06	7.52	8.40	4.94	3.46	0.30	0.04	0.25	0.05	0.92	0.22
Asian	0.01	2.06	2.89	1.95	0.95	0.05	#	0.05	0.01	0.33	0.05
Pacific Islander	0.07	4.94	9.71	5.81	3.90	0.14	0.04	0.13	0.01	1.07	0.62
American Indian/Alaska Native	0.44	9.64	11.83	6.50	5.33	0.46	0.06	0.38	0.08	1.32	0.27
Two or more races	0.12	10.19	13.07	6.82	6.25	0.41	0.05	0.34	0.07	1.14	0.26
Female
White	0.07	4.21	3.78	2.43	1.35	0.12	0.02	0.10	0.02	0.42	0.09
Black	0.15	10.51	13.57	7.50	6.08	0.49	0.03	0.45	0.04	1.18	0.31
Hispanic	0.02	4.38	4.30	2.82	1.48	0.15	0.02	0.12	0.03	0.51	0.12
Asian	#	0.97	1.11	0.77	0.34	0.03	0	0.02	#	0.15	0.02
Pacific Islander	0.02	2.61	5.41	3.60	1.81	0.02	0	0	0.02	0.42	0.28
American Indian/Alaska Native	0.09	5.77	5.95	3.62	2.33	0.15	0.03	0.12	0.03	0.73	0.16
Two or more races	0.06	5.73	6.55	3.76	2.80	0.18	0.03	0.16	0.02	0.58	0.13

#Rounds to zero.
1 Corporal punishment is paddling, spanking, or other forms of physical punishment imposed on a student.
2 An in-school suspension is an instance in which a student is temporarily removed from his or her regular classroom(s) for at least half a day but remains under the direct supervision of school personnel.
3 An out-of-school suspension is an instance in which a student is temporarily removed from his or her regular school for disciplinary purposes for at least half a day (but less than the remainder of the school year) to another setting (e.g., home or behavior center).
4 Expulsions are actions taken by a local education agency that result in the removal of a student from his or her regular school for disciplinary purposes for the remainder of the school year or longer in accordance with local education agency policy. Expulsions also include removals resulting from violations of the Gun Free Schools Act that are modified to less than 365 days.
5 Referral to law enforcement is an action by which a student is reported to any law enforcement agency or official, including a school police unit, for an incident that occurs on school grounds, during school-related events, or while taking school transportation, regardless of whether official action is taken.
6 A school-related arrest is an arrest of a student for any activity conducted on school grounds, during off-campus school activities (including while taking school transportation), or due to a referral by any school official.
7 Totals include expulsions with and without educational services.
8 Totals include expulsions from preschool not counted in the "With educational services" and "Without educational services" columns.
9 Includes all expulsions under zero-tolerance policies, including expulsions with and without educational services. A zero-tolerance policy results in mandatory expulsion of any student who commits one or more specified offenses (for example, offenses involving guns, other weapons, violence, or similar factors, or combinations of these factors). A policy is considered "zero tolerance" even if there are some exceptions to the mandatory aspect of the expulsion, such as allowing the chief administering officer of a local education agency to modify the expulsion on a case-by-case basis.
10 Data by race/ethnicity exclude data for students with disabilities served only under Section 504 (not receiving services under IDEA).
11 The number of students with disabilities receiving disciplinary actions by race/ethnicity do not include preschool students.
NOTE: The percentage of students receiving a disciplinary action is calculated by dividing the cumulative number of students receiving that type of disciplinary action for the entire 2017-18 school year by the student enrollment based on a count of students taken on a single day between September 27 and December 31. Data for the number of students receiving one or more in-school suspensions, expulsions under zero-tolerance policies, expulsions with educational services, expulsions without educational services, referrals to law enforcement, and school-related arrests do not include preschool students. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, Civil Rights Data Collection, "2017-18 Discipline Estimations by Discipline Type." (This table was prepared March 2022.)