Table 233.27.

Number of students receiving selected disciplinary actions in public elementary and secondary schools, by type of disciplinary action, disability status, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2017-18

Disability status, sex, and race/ethnicity	Corporal punish-ment1	One or more in-school suspensions2	Out-of-school suspensions3			Expulsions4				Referral to law enforce-ment5	School-related arrest6
			Total	Only one	More than one	Total7		With educa- tional services	Without educa- tional services
						All expul-sions8	Under zero-tolerance policies9
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
All students
Total	70,348	2,636,386	2,510,919	1,579,657	931,262	101,958	12,498	80,872	20,780	229,386	54,321
Sex
Male	57,014	1,833,533	1,771,161	1,087,624	683,537	74,202	9,401	58,599	15,343	159,772	37,800
Female	13,334	802,853	739,758	492,033	247,725	27,756	3,097	22,273	5,437	69,614	16,521
Race/ethnicity10
White	34,696	982,006	795,834	532,897	262,937	34,302	5,559	25,965	8,222	83,742	18,004
Black	25,374	794,236	925,864	524,618	401,246	37,051	2,871	30,184	6,750	63,533	16,537
Hispanic	5,392	586,879	525,357	355,834	169,523	21,044	2,548	17,224	3,766	56,804	13,826
Asian	112	26,606	26,545	20,534	6,011	790	103	607	183	3,516	605
Pacific Islander	49	6,191	9,307	6,532	2,775	235	32	178	56	876	490
American Indian/Alaska Native	1,349	32,331	34,092	21,031	13,061	1,224	201	850	373	3,703	845
Two or more races	1,598	101,317	104,424	63,602	40,822	3,777	497	2,818	941	9,045	1,993
Race/ethnicity by sex10
Male
White	29,301	725,115	604,202	395,314	208,888	26,057	4,197	19,659	6,297	61,135	13,178
Black	19,237	509,694	603,550	329,603	273,947	25,457	2,058	20,676	4,688	41,535	10,765
Hispanic	4,407	400,923	369,949	243,436	126,513	15,523	1,966	12,656	2,817	39,135	9,652
Asian	89	20,398	20,856	15,958	4,898	624	84	478	146	2,591	441
Pacific Islander	40	4,253	6,342	4,280	2,062	178	28	137	40	610	325
American Indian/Alaska Native	1,130	21,670	23,468	14,102	9,366	904	164	629	274	2,424	552
Two or more races	1,258	69,492	73,534	43,444	30,090	2,677	366	1,991	672	6,196	1,368
Female
White	5,395	256,891	191,632	137,583	54,049	8,245	1,362	6,306	1,925	22,607	4,826
Black	6,137	284,542	322,314	195,015	127,299	11,594	813	9,508	2,062	21,998	5,772
Hispanic	985	185,956	155,408	112,398	43,010	5,521	582	4,568	949	17,669	4,174
Asian	23	6,208	5,689	4,576	1,113	166	19	129	37	925	164
Pacific Islander	9	1,938	2,965	2,252	713	57	4	41	16	266	165
American Indian/Alaska Native	219	10,661	10,624	6,929	3,695	320	37	221	99	1,279	293
Two or more races	340	31,825	30,890	20,158	10,732	1,100	131	827	269	2,849	625
Students with disabilities
Total	13,324	645,982	704,974	400,094	304,880	25,588	3,313	21,851	3,563	68,076	16,017
Sex
Male	11,505	501,169	556,647	309,547	247,100	20,466	2,652	17,410	2,899	53,060	12,390
Female	1,819	144,813	148,327	90,547	57,780	5,122	661	4,441	664	15,016	3,627
Race/ethnicity10,11
White	6,291	232,128	234,155	137,969	96,186	7,828	1,303	6,457	1,371	23,408	4,945
Black	3,826	164,302	219,582	112,090	107,492	8,529	623	7,746	783	19,200	4,934
Hispanic	780	109,112	118,554	71,405	47,149	4,248	529	3,541	707	13,217	3,187
Asian	11	3,004	4,075	2,753	1,322	81	6	72	9	475	65
Pacific Islander	11	862	1,711	1,047	664	20	5	18	2	177	105
American Indian/Alaska Native	278	7,188	8,481	4,765	3,716	306	43	252	54	964	202
Two or more races	262	22,566	28,255	15,039	13,216	867	117	719	148	2,468	558
Race/ethnicity by sex10,11
Male
White	5,497	186,276	192,965	111,441	81,524	6,490	1,056	5,359	1,131	18,846	3,961
Black	3,227	122,711	165,890	82,442	83,448	6,588	494	5,967	621	14,538	3,688
Hispanic	671	84,028	93,911	55,242	38,669	3,394	430	2,836	558	10,280	2,480
Asian	9	2,481	3,479	2,340	1,139	66	6	59	7	392	55
Pacific Islander	10	693	1,361	814	547	19	5	18	1	150	87
American Indian/Alaska Native	250	5,450	6,688	3,675	3,013	260	34	215	45	744	154
Two or more races	213	17,542	22,511	11,748	10,763	710	89	583	127	1,964	446
Female
White	794	45,852	41,190	26,528	14,662	1,338	247	1,098	240	4,562	984
Black	599	41,591	53,692	29,648	24,044	1,941	129	1,779	162	4,662	1,246
Hispanic	109	25,084	24,643	16,163	8,480	854	99	705	149	2,937	707
Asian	2	523	596	413	183	15	0	13	2	83	10
Pacific Islander	1	169	350	233	117	1	0	0	1	27	18
American Indian/Alaska Native	28	1,738	1,793	1,090	703	46	9	37	9	220	48
Two or more races	49	5,024	5,744	3,291	2,453	157	28	136	21	504	112

1 Corporal punishment is paddling, spanking, or other forms of physical punishment imposed on a student.
2 An in-school suspension is an instance in which a student is temporarily removed from his or her regular classroom(s) for at least half a day but remains under the direct supervision of school personnel.
3 An out-of-school suspension is an instance in which a student is temporarily removed from his or her regular school for disciplinary purposes for at least half a day (but less than the remainder of the school year) to another setting (e.g., home or behavior center).
4 Expulsions are actions taken by a local education agency that result in the removal of a student from his or her regular school for disciplinary purposes for the remainder of the school year or longer in accordance with local education agency policy. Expulsions also include removals resulting from violations of the Gun Free Schools Act that are modified to less than 365 days.
5 Referral to law enforcement is an action by which a student is reported to any law enforcement agency or official, including a school police unit, for an incident that occurs on school grounds, during school-related events, or while taking school transportation, regardless of whether official action is taken.
6 A school-related arrest is an arrest of a student for any activity conducted on school grounds, during off-campus school activities (including while taking school transportation), or due to a referral by any school official.
7 Totals include expulsions with and without educational services.
8 Totals include expulsions from preschool not counted in the "With educational services" and "Without educational services" columns.
9 Includes all expulsions under zero-tolerance policies, including expulsions with and without educational services. A zero-tolerance policy results in mandatory expulsion of any student who commits one or more specified offenses (for example, offenses involving guns, other weapons, violence, or similar factors, or combinations of these factors). A policy is considered "zero tolerance" even if there are some exceptions to the mandatory aspect of the expulsion, such as allowing the chief administering officer of a local education agency to modify the expulsion on a case-by-case basis.
10 Data by race/ethnicity exclude data for students with disabilities served only under Section 504 (not receiving services under IDEA).
11 The number of students with disabilities receiving disciplinary actions by race/ethnicity do not include preschool students.
NOTE: Data for the number of students receiving one or more in-school suspensions, expulsions under zero-tolerance policies, expulsions with educational services, expulsions without educational services, referrals to law enforcement, and school-related arrests do not include preschool students. Detail may not sum to totals because of privacy protection routines applied to the data. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, Civil Rights Data Collection, "2017-18 Discipline Estimations by Discipline Type." (This table was prepared March 2022.)