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| 2022 Tables and Figures | All Years of Tables and Figures | Most Recent Full Issue of the Digest |
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| Table 207.10. | Number of 3- to 5-year-olds not yet enrolled in kindergarten and percentage participating in home literacy activities with a family member, by type and frequency of activity and selected child and family characteristics: 2012, 2016, and 2019 |
| [Standard errors appear in parentheses] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected child or family characteristic | Number of children (in thousands) | Percent of children participating in literacy activity with family member | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Read to by family member three or more times in past week |
At least once in past week | Visited a library at least once in past month | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Told a story by family member | Taught letters, words, or numbers | Did arts and crafts | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2012 | 2016 | 2019 | 2012 | 2016 | 2019 | 2012 | 2016 | 2019 | 2012 | 2016 | 2019 | 2012 | 2016 | 2019 | 2012 | 2016 | 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 8,244 | (85.1) | 8,087 | (91.1) | 8,149 | (79.5) | 82.8 | (0.83) | 81.2 | (1.13) | 84.6 | (0.89) | 83.4 | (0.87) | 84.0 | (1.18) | 86.6 | (0.80) | 97.7 | (0.27) | 96.6 | (0.56) | 96.0 | (0.55) | 86.0 | (0.76) | 86.7 | (1.07) | 88.5 | (0.80) | 41.5 | (1.19) | 40.6 | (1.42) | 37.4 | (1.05) |
| Age | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 years old | 3,674 | (89.8) | 3,404 | (123.0) | 3,676 | (115.1) | 82.5 | (1.34) | 82.1 | (1.68) | 85.6 | (1.32) | 82.3 | (1.38) | 84.1 | (1.57) | 85.2 | (1.43) | 97.0 | (0.49) | 96.4 | (1.05) | 95.3 | (0.99) | 84.7 | (1.15) | 85.0 | (1.70) | 87.7 | (1.32) | 37.7 | (1.59) | 39.0 | (2.12) | 36.9 | (1.77) |
| 4 years old | 3,508 | (90.4) | 3,379 | (109.8) | 3,406 | (92.7) | 83.9 | (1.30) | 80.9 | (2.12) | 83.4 | (1.49) | 85.2 | (1.31) | 84.7 | (1.93) | 88.8 | (1.07) | 98.4 | (0.34) | 96.5 | (0.82) | 96.7 | (0.76) | 87.0 | (1.22) | 88.9 | (1.32) | 89.8 | (1.25) | 43.3 | (1.75) | 40.4 | (2.12) | 38.6 | (1.85) |
| 5 years old | 1,062 | (59.6) | 1,303 | (84.9) | 1,067 | (57.5) | 79.9 | (2.67) | 79.7 | (3.35) | 84.6 | (2.27) | 81.2 | (2.58) | 81.7 | (3.79) | 84.1 | (2.05) | 97.9 | (0.71) | 97.2 | (0.98) | 95.6 | (1.33) | 87.6 | (1.92) | 85.1 | (3.89) | 87.2 | (1.83) | 48.9 | (3.80) | 45.6 | (3.56) | 35.1 | (2.84) |
Sex |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Male | 4,251 | (103.9) | 4,184 | (118.8) | 4,144 | (99.8) | 81.5 | (1.15) | 79.6 | (1.49) | 83.8 | (1.27) | 82.3 | (1.35) | 82.3 | (1.53) | 84.3 | (1.20) | 97.4 | (0.43) | 95.8 | (1.00) | 95.2 | (0.75) | 84.4 | (1.13) | 84.9 | (1.38) | 86.3 | (1.21) | 40.7 | (1.69) | 39.8 | (2.06) | 36.4 | (1.63) |
| Female | 3,993 | (104.2) | 3,903 | (117.5) | 4,005 | (105.8) | 84.1 | (1.42) | 82.9 | (1.85) | 85.3 | (1.25) | 84.6 | (1.04) | 85.8 | (1.90) | 89.0 | (0.98) | 98.0 | (0.40) | 97.4 | (0.59) | 96.7 | (0.71) | 87.8 | (1.05) | 88.5 | (1.71) | 90.9 | (1.14) | 42.4 | (1.44) | 41.6 | (2.02) | 38.4 | (1.55) |
Race/ethnicity1 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| White | 4,062 | (97.4) | 4,003 | (96.8) | 3,971 | (84.5) | 90.5 | (0.98) | 87.9 | (1.21) | 91.3 | (0.84) | 86.6 | (1.09) | 86.3 | (1.13) | 89.5 | (0.78) | 97.8 | (0.40) | 95.9 | (0.91) | 95.8 | (0.65) | 89.9 | (0.95) | 89.8 | (1.25) | 91.6 | (0.81) | 43.7 | (1.41) | 44.1 | (1.71) | 39.6 | (1.30) |
| Black | 1,154 | (63.4) | 1,086 | (67.4) | 1,012 | (62.7) | 77.0 | (3.30) | 78.9 | (3.33) | 74.8 | (3.56) | 80.4 | (2.28) | 84.9 | (3.05) | 77.5 | (3.99) | 98.6 | (0.64) | 98.2 | (1.20) | 97.9 | (1.46) | 82.8 | (2.81) | 84.5 | (3.25) | 82.6 | (3.53) | 40.9 | (3.81) | 42.4 | (4.52) | 32.8 | (3.28) |
| Hispanic | 2,100 | (76.1) | 2,133 | (84.9) | 2,143 | (79.0) | 70.9 | (2.04) | 70.8 | (3.41) | 76.5 | (2.30) | 78.3 | (2.16) | 78.3 | (3.64) | 84.9 | (1.70) | 96.7 | (0.73) | 96.5 | (1.01) | 96.0 | (1.22) | 79.9 | (1.87) | 82.4 | (2.66) | 86.2 | (2.33) | 33.9 | (2.19) | 32.5 | (3.00) | 31.5 | (2.36) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 420 | (32.7) | 400 | (44.7) | 449 | (36.8) | 77.3 | (3.27) | 73.7 | (6.48) | 80.7 | (3.14) | 84.9 | (2.72) | 88.4 | (3.16) | 87.3 | (3.09) | 98.0 | (1.10) | 98.3 | (0.90) | 94.5 | (1.97) | 86.2 | (2.59) | 78.8 | (6.57) | 85.9 | (2.80) | 54.9 | (4.39) | 49.4 | (5.84) | 54.3 | (3.77) |
| Asian | 374 | (30.3) | 386 | (43.4) | 438 | (35.7) | 75.1 | (3.54) | 74.4 | (6.74) | 80.7 | (3.17) | 83.1 | (3.04) | 88.0 | (3.25) | 87.5 | (3.08) | 97.8 | (1.23) | 98.2 | (0.94) | 94.6 | (2.01) | 84.5 | (2.95) | 78.0 | (6.72) | 85.9 | (2.81) | 55.4 | (4.41) | 49.4 | (5.92) | 54.2 | (3.81) |
| Pacific Islander | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) |
| American Indian/Alaska Native |
‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) |
| Two or more races | 463 | (41.1) | 418 | (47.8) | 498 | (39.4) | 86.9 | (3.22) | 81.3 | (3.99) | 88.8 | (2.28) | 82.9 | (3.84) | 82.5 | (5.04) | 90.7 | (2.74) | 98.6 | (0.76) | 97.4 | (1.32) | 95.1 | (1.72) | 88.3 | (3.78) | 90.0 | (2.57) | 88.3 | (2.79) | 43.7 | (4.17) | 38.4 | (5.03) | 40.4 | (4.41) |
Mother's highest level of education2 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less than high school | 1,291 | (71.9) | 1,093 | (90.7) | 921 | (82.0) | 72.6 | (3.11) | 60.5 | (5.89) | 71.1 | (4.32) | 75.4 | (3.50) | 76.6 | (6.13) | 79.2 | (4.37) | 97.9 | (0.78) | 94.0 | (2.91) | 94.6 | (2.50) | 81.8 | (2.65) | 76.7 | (5.36) | 76.2 | (4.79) | 25.7 | (3.11) | 27.1 | (4.09) | 25.6 | (4.26) |
| High school diploma/GED | 1,614 | (64.0) | 1,482 | (87.1) | 1,466 | (68.9) | 75.3 | (2.49) | 79.0 | (2.69) | 80.1 | (2.81) | 83.2 | (1.77) | 77.6 | (2.93) | 84.7 | (2.06) | 96.7 | (0.91) | 96.1 | (1.38) | 94.2 | (2.24) | 84.3 | (1.76) | 85.7 | (2.29) | 88.5 | (2.48) | 38.2 | (2.80) | 34.5 | (4.38) | 28.5 | (3.08) |
| Vocational/technical or some college |
1,663 | (77.3) | 1,400 | (64.0) | 1,407 | (58.6) | 85.4 | (1.68) | 79.9 | (2.26) | 84.5 | (1.64) | 82.6 | (1.54) | 83.1 | (2.39) | 87.2 | (1.59) | 96.6 | (0.83) | 97.1 | (1.07) | 96.9 | (0.79) | 85.9 | (1.57) | 88.3 | (2.19) | 92.1 | (1.06) | 39.8 | (2.05) | 38.5 | (2.70) | 35.6 | (2.21) |
| Associate's degree | 678 | (50.0) | 700 | (53.7) | 644 | (49.1) | 85.2 | (2.33) | 84.5 | (2.68) | 83.7 | (2.59) | 84.1 | (2.21) | 86.5 | (2.41) | 87.2 | (2.44) | 98.4 | (0.71) | 97.2 | (1.27) | 97.6 | (0.99) | 85.6 | (2.33) | 89.1 | (2.22) | 90.6 | (2.86) | 43.1 | (3.89) | 41.8 | (3.24) | 34.3 | (3.24) |
| Bachelor's degree/some graduate school |
1,870 | (65.9) | 2,078 | (75.4) | 2,107 | (64.4) | 92.2 | (1.16) | 89.8 | (1.38) | 89.0 | (1.13) | 89.6 | (1.15) | 88.5 | (1.57) | 88.4 | (1.16) | 99.1 | (0.29) | 97.9 | (0.49) | 96.5 | (0.70) | 91.6 | (0.97) | 88.8 | (1.37) | 90.9 | (1.32) | 48.9 | (2.19) | 47.2 | (2.18) | 43.4 | (1.72) |
| Graduate/professional degree |
680 | (30.8) | 1,036 | (45.0) | 1,264 | (46.6) | 94.7 | (1.04) | 91.1 | (1.40) | 93.0 | (1.05) | 88.7 | (1.50) | 89.5 | (1.48) | 89.4 | (1.32) | 97.5 | (0.77) | 96.8 | (0.79) | 95.8 | (0.78) | 90.8 | (1.49) | 91.0 | (1.37) | 89.3 | (1.40) | 64.2 | (2.50) | 55.8 | (2.01) | 51.8 | (2.05) |
Mother's employment status2 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Employed | 4,491 | (88.6) | 4,782 | (116.5) | 4,866 | (116.8) | 84.1 | (1.14) | 82.6 | (1.37) | 84.4 | (1.20) | 84.0 | (1.19) | 84.9 | (1.28) | 87.2 | (0.93) | 98.3 | (0.32) | 96.4 | (0.80) | 95.8 | (0.72) | 86.2 | (0.92) | 86.3 | (1.27) | 87.8 | (1.09) | 42.0 | (1.53) | 41.3 | (1.83) | 36.1 | (1.35) |
| Unemployed | 550 | (52.0) | 269 | (37.7) | 155 | (27.2) | 80.2 | (4.39) | 90.9 | (3.90) | 79.3 | (7.09) | 83.8 | (3.53) | 82.2 | (6.51) | 89.5 | (4.19) | 98.0 | (1.10) | 97.8 | (1.82) | 99.0 | (0.98) | 88.6 | (3.99) | 88.4 | (5.42) | 94.5 | (2.75) | 33.3 | (4.19) | 35.7 | (7.61) | 39.6 | (8.36) |
| Not in labor force | 2,756 | (86.9) | 2,737 | (104.2) | 2,788 | (95.7) | 83.5 | (1.72) | 78.8 | (2.67) | 85.4 | (1.60) | 83.7 | (1.57) | 82.0 | (2.56) | 85.0 | (1.62) | 96.5 | (0.73) | 97.0 | (0.78) | 95.9 | (0.91) | 86.9 | (1.38) | 87.4 | (2.05) | 89.7 | (1.49) | 43.0 | (1.93) | 41.2 | (2.60) | 40.3 | (1.94) |
Family income (in current dollars) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $20,000 or less | 1,480 | (60.3) | 1,162 | (63.5) | 928 | (51.9) | 76.0 | (2.28) | 70.4 | (3.08) | 74.8 | (4.22) | 83.3 | (1.93) | 81.7 | (2.89) | 81.0 | (3.69) | 96.6 | (0.93) | 94.6 | (2.06) | 97.2 | (1.15) | 84.1 | (1.65) | 85.0 | (2.50) | 81.8 | (4.79) | 38.7 | (2.46) | 40.2 | (3.89) | 33.6 | (4.20) |
| $20,001 to $50,000 | 2,372 | (77.4) | 2,211 | (93.6) | 2,036 | (80.6) | 78.3 | (2.07) | 76.1 | (2.68) | 80.5 | (2.07) | 82.0 | (1.59) | 83.4 | (1.93) | 87.2 | (1.57) | 97.6 | (0.53) | 95.9 | (1.30) | 93.4 | (1.98) | 83.4 | (1.80) | 85.0 | (2.20) | 85.8 | (1.88) | 39.8 | (2.21) | 35.4 | (2.95) | 32.2 | (2.35) |
| $50,001 to $75,000 | 1,510 | (67.2) | 1,342 | (84.5) | 1,283 | (62.8) | 82.2 | (2.30) | 78.5 | (3.95) | 83.0 | (2.39) | 82.0 | (2.38) | 81.7 | (4.39) | 86.0 | (2.37) | 98.3 | (0.61) | 96.4 | (0.94) | 97.0 | (0.88) | 84.9 | (2.27) | 86.8 | (2.36) | 89.0 | (1.74) | 37.8 | (2.50) | 37.3 | (3.40) | 35.5 | (2.87) |
| $75,001 to $100,000 | 1,082 | (46.5) | 1,047 | (58.6) | 1,028 | (50.7) | 86.0 | (2.53) | 88.3 | (2.28) | 86.2 | (2.13) | 88.6 | (2.10) | 83.1 | (3.54) | 85.8 | (2.00) | 98.3 | (0.56) | 98.1 | (0.61) | 96.8 | (1.06) | 90.8 | (2.24) | 86.6 | (3.59) | 91.2 | (1.68) | 44.1 | (2.91) | 41.2 | (3.48) | 36.8 | (2.73) |
| Over $100,000 | 1,800 | (66.3) | 2,325 | (70.0) | 2,873 | (62.4) | 92.7 | (0.99) | 89.7 | (1.47) | 90.7 | (1.03) | 83.3 | (1.99) | 87.4 | (1.70) | 88.5 | (1.00) | 97.9 | (0.70) | 97.6 | (0.63) | 96.6 | (0.51) | 89.2 | (1.45) | 89.1 | (1.45) | 91.5 | (0.85) | 47.8 | (2.37) | 47.5 | (2.25) | 43.2 | (1.77) |
Number of parents in the household |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Two parents | 5,958 | (95.6) | 5,969 | (117.0) | 6,323 | (100.0) | 85.1 | (0.90) | 83.7 | (1.31) | 86.7 | (1.04) | 85.1 | (1.03) | 84.3 | (1.33) | 87.2 | (0.95) | 97.9 | (0.31) | 96.5 | (0.67) | 95.9 | (0.65) | 86.8 | (0.90) | 87.5 | (1.15) | 88.4 | (0.96) | 42.2 | (1.38) | 43.3 | (1.65) | 39.0 | (1.18) |
| None or one parent | 2,286 | (81.1) | 2,117 | (91.9) | 1,827 | (86.6) | 76.8 | (1.78) | 74.2 | (2.59) | 77.2 | (2.22) | 78.9 | (1.54) | 83.0 | (1.96) | 84.6 | (1.78) | 97.1 | (0.71) | 96.8 | (1.00) | 96.1 | (0.89) | 83.9 | (1.57) | 84.2 | (2.31) | 88.9 | (1.56) | 39.8 | (2.28) | 33.0 | (2.62) | 31.8 | (2.34) |
Poverty status3 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poor | 1,958 | (77.8) | 1,536 | (67.1) | 1,538 | (72.6) | 73.7 | (2.24) | 71.1 | (2.95) | 73.0 | (3.51) | 82.4 | (1.72) | 82.8 | (2.82) | 83.7 | (2.73) | 96.2 | (0.80) | 94.3 | (1.74) | 94.4 | (2.03) | 83.4 | (1.69) | 85.2 | (2.60) | 81.2 | (3.46) | 39.1 | (2.24) | 37.7 | (3.34) | 34.1 | (3.32) |
| Near-poor | 1,960 | (86.5) | 1,984 | (112.9) | 1,712 | (69.5) | 80.6 | (2.08) | 75.4 | (3.37) | 83.7 | (1.71) | 81.2 | (1.98) | 81.9 | (3.03) | 84.8 | (2.17) | 98.2 | (0.51) | 96.6 | (0.97) | 94.9 | (1.65) | 81.8 | (2.11) | 85.6 | (2.31) | 86.6 | (1.92) | 38.1 | (2.58) | 35.5 | (3.06) | 29.8 | (2.50) |
| Nonpoor | 4,327 | (87.6) | 4,567 | (108.9) | 4,899 | (77.0) | 87.9 | (1.03) | 87.1 | (1.05) | 88.5 | (0.87) | 84.8 | (1.21) | 85.3 | (1.45) | 88.1 | (0.82) | 98.1 | (0.37) | 97.4 | (0.45) | 96.8 | (0.38) | 89.1 | (0.99) | 87.6 | (1.3) | 91.5 | (0.70) | 44.2 | (1.5) | 43.8 | (1.72) | 41.0 | (1.28) |
| †Not applicable. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 In 2019, for a small number of non-Hispanic children, their parents did not choose any race from the categories provided on the race item in the questionnaire. These children are excluded from the 2019 breakouts by race. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 Excludes children living in households with no mother or female guardian present. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 Poor children are those whose family incomes were below the Census Bureau's poverty threshold in the year prior to data collection; near-poor children are those whose family incomes ranged from the poverty threshold to 199 percent of the poverty threshold; and nonpoor children are those whose family incomes were at or above 200 percent of the poverty threshold. The poverty threshold is a dollar amount that varies depending on a family's size and composition and is updated annually to account for inflation. In 2019, for example, the poverty threshold for a family of four with two children was $25,926. Survey respondents are asked to select the range within which their income falls, rather than giving the exact amount of their income; therefore, the measure of poverty status is an approximation. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NOTE: NHES:2012 used self-administered paper-and-pencil questionnaires that were mailed to respondents. For NHES:2016, initial contact with all respondents was by mail, and the majority of respondents received paper-and-pencil questionnaires. However, as an experiment with web use, a small sample of NHES:2016 respondents received mailed invitations to complete the survey online. For NHES:2019, the majority of data were collected using a web-based survey instrument that respondents accessed with credentials they received in a mailed invitation. Paper surveys were used for nonresponse follow-up and for a small experiment. The respondent was the parent most knowledgeable about the child's care and education. Responding parents reported on their own activities and the activities of their spouse/other adults in the household. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding and suppression of estimates that did not meet reporting standards. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Early Childhood Program Participation Survey of the National Household Education Surveys Program (ECPP-NHES:2012, 2016, and 2019). (This table was prepared August 2020.) |
