- Surveys & Programs
- Data & Tools
- Fast Facts
- News & Events
- Publications & Products
- About Us
 |
| 2022 Tables and Figures | All Years of Tables and Figures | Most Recent Full Issue of the Digest |
 Previous Page |
Download Excel  (76KB) |
| Table 202.30. | Number of children under 6 years old and not yet in kindergarten, percentage participating in center-based programs, average weekly hours in nonparental care, and percentage in various types of primary care arrangements, by selected child and family characteristics: 2019 |
| [Standard errors appear in parentheses] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected child or family characteristic | Number of children under 6 years old (in thousands) | Percent participating in center-based programs1 | Average hours per week in nonparental care2 | Percentage distribution of children, by type of care | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Parental care only | Nonparental care, by primary arrangement3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Center-based care | Nonrelative home-based care | Relative | Multiple arrange-ments4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | In another home | In child's home | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total children under 6 years old |
21,195 | (12.3) | 37.6 | (0.67) | 30.7 | (0.41) | 40.6 | (0.85) | 32.1 | (0.62) | 8.2 | (0.32) | 5.8 | (0.29) | 2.4 | (0.18) | 17.3 | (0.61) | 1.8 | (0.29) | ||||||||||
| Age | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Under 1 year old | 4,621 | (123.6) | 14.1 | (1.03) | 31.8 | (1.31) | 58.2 | (1.64) | 11.8 | (1.01) | 7.4 | (0.70) | 4.7 | (0.59) | 2.7 | (0.48) | 20.6 | (1.49) | 2.0 | ! | (0.77) | |||||||||
| 1 to 2 years old | 8,425 | (137.9) | 26.5 | (1.03) | 32.1 | (0.70) | 45.4 | (1.19) | 22.5 | (1.02) | 10.4 | (0.75) | 7.5 | (0.60) | 2.9 | (0.41) | 19.8 | (0.95) | 1.8 | (0.48) | ||||||||||
| 3 to 5 years old | 8,149 | (79.5) | 62.5 | (1.26) | 29.2 | (0.43) | 25.6 | (1.18) | 53.4 | (1.29) | 6.5 | (0.50) | 4.7 | (0.42) | 1.8 | (0.23) | 12.8 | (0.77) | 1.7 | (0.32) | ||||||||||
Race/ethnicity of child and poverty status of household5 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| White | 10,420 | (102.3) | 40.2 | (1.10) | 30.6 | (0.38) | 39.0 | (1.07) | 33.8 | (1.02) | 11.3 | (0.54) | 7.8 | (0.46) | 3.4 | (0.31) | 14.8 | (0.64) | 1.1 | (0.19) | ||||||||||
| Poor | 1,148 | (50.1) | 28.3 | (2.89) | 30.0 | (2.34) | 57.5 | (3.17) | 22.7 | (2.68) | 4.2 | (1.18) | 3.0 | ! | (1.02) | ‡ | (†) | 14.3 | (2.18) | ‡ | (†) | |||||||||
| Near-poor | 1,761 | (71.9) | 26.7 | (3.14) | 27.3 | (1.49) | 58.6 | (3.30) | 22.8 | (3.10) | 4.8 | (1.12) | 3.6 | (0.81) | 1.2 | ! | (0.60) | 13.2 | (1.65) | ‡ | (†) | |||||||||
| Nonpoor | 7,511 | (90.0) | 45.2 | (1.17) | 31.1 | (0.33) | 31.5 | (1.03) | 38.1 | (1.12) | 13.9 | (0.67) | 9.6 | (0.57) | 4.3 | (0.40) | 15.3 | (0.66) | 1.3 | (0.23) | ||||||||||
| Black | 2,706 | (8.0) | 39.5 | (2.26) | 33.3 | (1.68) | 36.9 | (2.96) | 33.1 | (1.78) | 4.0 | (0.90) | 3.1 | (0.81) | 0.8 | ! | (0.38) | 22.6 | (2.23) | 3.5 | ! | (1.35) | ||||||||
| Poor | 998 | (50.8) | 37.1 | (4.50) | 34.3 | (3.55) | 44.3 | (4.70) | 26.0 | (3.55) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | 23.7 | (4.38) | 5.0 | ! | (1.80) | |||||||||
| Near-poor | 661 | (65.1) | 26.8 | (4.94) | 32.3 | (4.04) | 43.7 | (7.65) | 22.1 | (4.18) | 5.6 | ! | (2.43) | 5.6 | ! | (2.43) | ‡ | (†) | 27.6 | (5.59) | ‡ | (†) | ||||||||
| Nonpoor | 1,047 | (51.2) | 49.7 | (3.40) | 33.2 | (1.84) | 25.5 | (3.70) | 46.8 | (3.56) | 5.8 | (1.38) | 4.4 | (1.24) | ‡ | (†) | 18.3 | (3.16) | ‡ | (†) | ||||||||||
| Hispanic | 5,424 | (6.5) | 32.0 | (1.59) | 29.8 | (0.93) | 44.3 | (1.83) | 27.7 | (1.37) | 5.5 | (0.70) | 4.4 | (0.63) | 1.1 | (0.30) | 20.3 | (1.52) | 2.1 | ! | (0.83) | |||||||||
| Poor | 1,372 | (37.9) | 34.2 | (3.79) | 27.4 | (2.10) | 47.3 | (3.68) | 28.3 | (3.37) | 3.4 | ! | (1.10) | 2.4 | ! | (0.89) | ‡ | (†) | 16.1 | (2.51) | ‡ | (†) | ||||||||
| Near-poor | 1,494 | (59.4) | 22.3 | (2.79) | 28.8 | (2.02) | 54.2 | (3.33) | 19.5 | (2.53) | 4.3 | (1.29) | 4.0 | ! | (1.28) | ‡ | (†) | 21.1 | (2.64) | 0.9 | ! | (0.40) | ||||||||
| Nonpoor | 2,558 | (45.5) | 36.6 | (2.17) | 31.2 | (1.16) | 37.0 | (2.54) | 32.2 | (2.12) | 7.2 | (1.12) | 5.7 | (0.93) | 1.5 | ! | (0.55) | 22.1 | (2.08) | 1.5 | ! | (0.61) | ||||||||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 1,173 | (66.4) | 36.6 | (2.58) | 30.2 | (1.32) | 45.6 | (3.33) | 32.3 | (2.45) | 4.6 | (0.98) | 3.0 | (0.83) | 1.6 | ! | (0.56) | 14.9 | (1.94) | 2.6 | ! | (0.97) | ||||||||
| Asian | 1,148 | (65.9) | 37.0 | (2.68) | 30.2 | (1.38) | 45.7 | (3.38) | 32.8 | (2.55) | 4.0 | (0.95) | 2.4 | ! | (0.76) | 1.6 | ! | (0.58) | 14.9 | (1.97) | 2.6 | ! | (0.99) | |||||||
| Pacific Islander | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ||||||||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 109 | (22.0) | 28.0 | (9.13) | ‡ | (†) | 46.7 | (12.60) | 26.6 | ! | (8.97) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | 23.0 | ! | (10.01) | ‡ | (†) | ||||||||
| Two or more races | 1,331 | (73.6) | 38.7 | (3.02) | 29.7 | (1.42) | 39.8 | (2.88) | 34.5 | (2.70) | 8.5 | (1.46) | 4.3 | (0.95) | 4.2 | (1.00) | 15.5 | (1.92) | 1.7 | ! | (0.76) | |||||||||
Number of parents in the household6 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Two parents | 16,586 | (142.8) | 37.1 | (0.69) | 29.5 | (0.38) | 42.1 | (0.90) | 32.7 | (0.66) | 8.9 | (0.38) | 6.2 | (0.35) | 2.7 | (0.21) | 15.1 | (0.59) | 1.3 | (0.25) | ||||||||||
| One parent | 4,099 | (130.6) | 40.2 | (2.13) | 34.0 | (1.27) | 35.5 | (2.05) | 31.0 | (1.85) | 5.9 | (0.81) | 4.2 | (0.72) | 1.7 | (0.38) | 23.8 | (1.75) | 3.8 | ! | (1.17) | |||||||||
Mother in household |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 19,889 | (92.6) | 37.6 | (0.70) | 30.4 | (0.44) | 40.8 | (0.88) | 32.3 | (0.61) | 8.4 | (0.36) | 5.9 | (0.32) | 2.5 | (0.20) | 16.7 | (0.62) | 1.7 | (0.29) | ||||||||||
| No | 1,305 | (92.4) | 38.3 | (3.30) | 34.4 | (1.82) | 36.9 | (3.40) | 28.8 | (3.40) | 5.6 | (1.55) | 4.8 | ! | (1.47) | 0.8 | ! | (0.30) | 25.9 | (2.95) | 2.9 | ! | (1.35) | |||||||
Mother's employment status7 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Currently employed | 12,514 | (187.1) | 45.4 | (0.80) | 32.9 | (0.42) | 22.9 | (0.90) | 38.1 | (0.80) | 12.7 | (0.54) | 9.2 | (0.50) | 3.5 | (0.29) | 24.3 | (0.80) | 2.1 | (0.25) | ||||||||||
| 35 or more hours per week | 8,870 | (146.4) | 49.2 | (1.06) | 36.0 | (0.44) | 18.3 | (1.10) | 41.2 | (1.02) | 14.8 | (0.68) | 10.9 | (0.65) | 3.9 | (0.39) | 23.4 | (0.95) | 2.4 | (0.33) | ||||||||||
| Less than 35 hours per week | 3,643 | (141.9) | 36.0 | (1.92) | 23.5 | (0.89) | 34.0 | (1.93) | 30.7 | (1.80) | 7.7 | (0.77) | 5.1 | (0.66) | 2.6 | (0.42) | 26.4 | (2.13) | 1.3 | (0.37) | ||||||||||
| Looking for work | 483 | (74.8) | 28.0 | (6.37) | 29.2 | (4.80) | 55.4 | (5.73) | 19.6 | (4.16) | 1.8 | ! | (0.84) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | 15.9 | ! | (5.11) | ‡ | (†) | ||||||||
| Not in labor force | 7,449 | (160.6) | 24.9 | (1.23) | 21.5 | (1.11) | 69.5 | (1.26) | 22.7 | (1.18) | 1.4 | (0.24) | 0.5 | ! | (0.16) | 0.9 | (0.20) | 5.6 | (0.63) | ‡ | (†) | |||||||||
Mother's highest education7 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less than high school | 2,257 | (92.2) | 24.0 | (3.32) | 30.9 | (2.88) | 57.6 | (3.92) | 21.8 | (3.23) | 3.0 | ! | (0.96) | 1.8 | ! | (0.74) | ‡ | (†) | 15.7 | (2.48) | ‡ | (†) | ||||||||
| High school/GED | 4,135 | (82.8) | 27.9 | (1.86) | 29.7 | (1.40) | 50.8 | (2.21) | 22.0 | (1.60) | 4.3 | (0.69) | 3.7 | (0.62) | 0.6 | ! | (0.26) | 20.1 | (1.75) | 2.8 | ! | (1.14) | ||||||||
| Vocational/technical or some college |
3,492 | (97.3) | 33.9 | (1.50) | 29.3 | (0.96) | 45.7 | (1.57) | 29.1 | (1.42) | 6.5 | (0.81) | 5.6 | (0.76) | 0.9 | (0.25) | 17.3 | (1.17) | 1.3 | ! | (0.41) | |||||||||
| Associate's degree | 1,818 | (84.1) | 34.6 | (2.28) | 30.4 | (1.16) | 41.8 | (2.60) | 30.6 | (2.27) | 6.8 | (1.08) | 5.1 | (0.94) | 1.6 | ! | (0.57) | 19.7 | (1.92) | 1.1 | ! | (0.41) | ||||||||
| Bachelor's degree | 5,571 | (108.3) | 42.4 | (1.30) | 30.2 | (0.56) | 34.5 | (1.40) | 36.6 | (1.34) | 11.4 | (0.65) | 8.1 | (0.60) | 3.3 | (0.45) | 16.0 | (1.04) | 1.4 | (0.28) | ||||||||||
| Graduate/professional degree | 3,173 | (45.3) | 56.7 | (1.42) | 33.3 | (0.49) | 19.6 | (1.29) | 48.4 | (1.40) | 14.8 | (0.93) | 8.2 | (0.76) | 6.6 | (0.80) | 15.4 | (1.01) | 1.8 | (0.40) | ||||||||||
Language spoken most at home by mother7 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| English | 16,386 | (143.2) | 38.5 | (0.82) | 31.3 | (0.47) | 38.8 | (1.06) | 32.5 | (0.75) | 9.3 | (0.38) | 6.5 | (0.34) | 2.8 | (0.23) | 17.6 | (0.73) | 1.7 | (0.32) | ||||||||||
| Non-English | 2,364 | (122.0) | 34.6 | (2.70) | 27.7 | (1.50) | 54.1 | (2.82) | 31.6 | (2.66) | 3.1 | (0.74) | 2.3 | ! | (0.70) | 0.8 | ! | (0.37) | 9.7 | (1.19) | 1.5 | ! | (0.60) | |||||||
| English and another language equally |
1,695 | (89.5) | 31.7 | (2.09) | 27.6 | (1.91) | 39.5 | (2.96) | 28.0 | (2.10) | 6.0 | (1.42) | 4.7 | (1.27) | 1.3 | ! | (0.51) | 24.2 | (2.23) | ‡ | (†) | |||||||||
Mother's age when child born8 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 21 or younger | 1,022 | (78.8) | 23.3 | (3.15) | 27.4 | (1.75) | 50.1 | (3.72) | 20.2 | (3.09) | 4.0 | (1.07) | 2.5 | ! | (0.77) | ‡ | (†) | 24.3 | (2.89) | 1.4 | ! | (0.65) | ||||||||
| 22 to 34 | 13,796 | (169.1) | 37.7 | (0.90) | 30.6 | (0.54) | 41.2 | (1.17) | 32.2 | (0.85) | 7.5 | (0.43) | 5.8 | (0.38) | 1.8 | (0.21) | 17.4 | (0.79) | 1.6 | (0.36) | ||||||||||
| 35 or older | 4,658 | (149.8) | 38.7 | (1.39) | 30.4 | (0.82) | 38.9 | (1.46) | 33.4 | (1.36) | 11.8 | (0.86) | 6.8 | (0.78) | 5.0 | (0.60) | 13.7 | (1.01) | 2.2 | ! | (0.76) | |||||||||
Household income |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $20,000 or less | 2,401 | (8.8) | 33.0 | (2.30) | 31.9 | (2.18) | 49.2 | (2.59) | 26.1 | (2.00) | 3.2 | (0.73) | 1.9 | (0.56) | 1.3 | ! | (0.48) | 17.6 | (2.04) | 3.9 | ! | (1.59) | ||||||||
| $20,001 to $50,000 | 5,063 | (7.6) | 28.4 | (1.45) | 29.9 | (1.14) | 53.7 | (1.63) | 23.9 | (1.48) | 4.2 | (0.60) | 3.6 | (0.55) | 0.6 | ! | (0.18) | 16.9 | (1.19) | 1.4 | ! | (0.41) | ||||||||
| $50,001 to $75,000 | 3,659 | (4.7) | 28.1 | (1.76) | 28.8 | (0.91) | 44.9 | (2.44) | 24.2 | (1.64) | 7.9 | (0.91) | 6.8 | (0.82) | 1.1 | (0.31) | 21.0 | (1.66) | 1.9 | ! | (0.92) | |||||||||
| $75,001 to $100,000 | 2,849 | (3.2) | 34.3 | (1.94) | 29.7 | (0.89) | 42.1 | (2.32) | 29.2 | (1.67) | 8.4 | (0.99) | 7.5 | (0.93) | 1.0 | ! | (0.30) | 19.0 | (1.47) | 1.2 | ! | (0.39) | ||||||||
| Over $100,000 | 7,223 | (1.4) | 51.8 | (1.13) | 31.8 | (0.50) | 25.8 | (1.05) | 45.0 | (1.13) | 12.8 | (0.66) | 7.5 | (0.59) | 5.3 | (0.50) | 14.8 | (0.88) | 1.6 | (0.27) | ||||||||||
Poverty status of household5 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poor | 3,879 | (68.5) | 32.5 | (1.98) | 30.5 | (1.53) | 50.5 | (2.32) | 25.5 | (1.79) | 2.8 | (0.54) | 1.9 | (0.44) | 0.9 | ! | (0.31) | 17.5 | (1.84) | 3.7 | (1.07) | |||||||||
| Near-poor | 4,424 | (110.1) | 24.2 | (1.82) | 29.1 | (1.24) | 55.1 | (2.20) | 20.7 | (1.77) | 4.7 | (0.70) | 4.0 | (0.63) | 0.7 | ! | (0.26) | 18.7 | (1.41) | 0.8 | ! | (0.27) | ||||||||
| Nonpoor | 12,892 | (77.9) | 43.8 | (0.81) | 31.1 | (0.38) | 32.6 | (0.80) | 38.0 | (0.81) | 11.1 | (0.46) | 7.6 | (0.41) | 3.5 | (0.29) | 16.7 | (0.65) | 1.6 | (0.30) | ||||||||||
Household size |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 or 3 persons | 5,166 | (87.9) | 39.4 | (1.23) | 32.6 | (0.66) | 35.1 | (1.22) | 33.7 | (1.21) | 10.1 | (0.70) | 7.8 | (0.67) | 2.2 | (0.32) | 18.7 | (0.98) | 2.4 | ! | (0.75) | |||||||||
| 4 persons | 7,299 | (87.6) | 43.8 | (1.02) | 31.4 | (0.66) | 36.4 | (1.08) | 37.1 | (1.04) | 10.0 | (0.67) | 6.8 | (0.58) | 3.2 | (0.38) | 14.8 | (0.82) | 1.7 | (0.46) | ||||||||||
| 5 persons | 4,313 | (128.3) | 36.5 | (1.88) | 29.8 | (0.93) | 42.8 | (2.00) | 31.2 | (1.89) | 7.8 | (0.73) | 4.8 | (0.63) | 3.0 | (0.42) | 16.1 | (1.32) | 2.1 | (0.58) | ||||||||||
| 6 or more persons | 4,416 | (127.3) | 26.6 | (2.03) | 27.2 | (1.09) | 51.7 | (2.49) | 22.8 | (1.97) | 3.8 | (0.62) | 2.8 | (0.49) | 0.9 | ! | (0.32) | 20.8 | (1.93) | 0.9 | ! | (0.29) | ||||||||
Locale |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| City | 7,221 | (138.6) | 37.0 | (1.34) | 31.0 | (0.79) | 39.7 | (1.47) | 31.9 | (1.27) | 7.8 | (0.61) | 5.0 | (0.49) | 2.7 | (0.36) | 18.4 | (1.07) | 2.3 | ! | (0.73) | |||||||||
| Suburban | 8,698 | (136.3) | 40.6 | (1.20) | 30.9 | (0.61) | 38.4 | (1.36) | 34.9 | (1.18) | 7.9 | (0.55) | 5.3 | (0.45) | 2.6 | (0.32) | 17.5 | (1.01) | 1.3 | (0.27) | ||||||||||
| Town | 1,898 | (88.7) | 28.9 | (1.88) | 31.4 | (1.31) | 50.2 | (2.39) | 23.2 | (1.83) | 8.4 | (1.24) | 6.0 | (0.99) | 2.4 | ! | (0.78) | 16.5 | (1.94) | 1.7 | ! | (0.53) | ||||||||
| Rural | 3,377 | (114.4) | 36.3 | (1.63) | 29.1 | (0.80) | 42.6 | (1.87) | 30.3 | (1.58) | 10.1 | (1.01) | 8.7 | (0.95) | 1.4 | (0.36) | 14.8 | (0.97) | 2.1 | (0.59) | ||||||||||
| †Not applicable. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| !Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 Center-based arrangements include day care centers, Head Start programs, preschools, prekindergartens, and other early childhood programs. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 Mean hours per week per child, among preschool children enrolled in any type of nonparental care arrangement. For children with more than one arrangement, the hours of each weekly arrangement were summed to calculate the total amount of time in child care per week. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 A child's primary arrangement is the regular nonparental care arrangement or early childhood education program in which the child spent the most time per week. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 Children who spent an equal number of hours per week in multiple nonparental care arrangements. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5 Poor children are those whose family incomes were below the Census Bureau's poverty threshold in the year prior to data collection; near-poor children are those whose family incomes ranged from the poverty threshold to 199 percent of the poverty threshold; and nonpoor children are those whose family incomes were at or above 200 percent of the poverty threshold. The poverty threshold is a dollar amount that varies depending on a family's size and composition and is updated annually to account for inflation. In 2019, for example, the poverty threshold for a family of four with two children was $25,926. Survey respondents are asked to select the range within which their income falls, rather than giving the exact amount of their income; therefore, the measure of poverty status is an approximation. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6 Excludes children living apart from their parents. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7 Excludes children living in households with no mother or female guardian present. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 8 Includes only children living in households with a biological mother present. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NOTE: For the 2019 administration of the National Household Education Surveys Program (NHES), the majority of data were collected using a web-based survey instrument that respondents accessed with credentials they received in a mailed invitation. Paper surveys were used for nonresponse follow-up and for a small experiment. Responding parents reported on their own activities and the activities of their spouse/other adults in the household. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding and suppression of estimates that did not meet reporting standards. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Early Childhood Program Participation Survey of the National Household Education Surveys Program (ECPP-NHES:2019). (This table was prepared March 2021.) |
