Table 106.30.

Amount and percentage distribution of direct general expenditures of state and local governments, by function: Selected years, 1970-71 through 2019-20

Function	1970-71	1980-81	1990-91	2000-01	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	2015-16	2016-17	2017-18	2018-19	2019-20
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
	Amounts in millions of current dollars
Total direct general expenditures	$150,674	$407,449	$908,109	$1,621,757	$2,579,509	$2,591,987	$2,628,752	$2,719,820	$2,841,079	$2,961,032	$3,074,009	$3,203,998	$3,348,350	$3,494,137
Education and public libraries	60,174	147,649	313,744	571,374	872,969	881,751	890,131	917,118	945,924	985,051	1,026,531	1,059,730	1,105,248	1,144,836
Education	59,413	145,784	309,302	563,572	862,271	870,321	878,957	906,016	934,353	973,025	1,014,085	1,046,754	1,092,416	1,131,609
Public libraries	761	1,865	4,442	7,802	10,699	11,430	11,174	11,102	11,570	12,026	12,446	12,976	12,832	13,227
Social services and income maintenance	30,376	92,555	214,919	396,086	729,846	734,920	765,702	808,183	880,778	935,325	977,846	1,018,406	1,075,067	1,141,465
Public welfare	18,226	54,121	130,402	257,380	490,645	487,456	515,049	544,869	613,502	652,514	677,348	707,171	745,838	791,216
Hospitals and health	11,205	36,101	81,110	134,010	233,018	241,265	244,529	257,506	262,008	277,324	295,845	306,120	323,921	345,009
Social insurance administration	945	2,276	3,250	4,359	5,256	5,306	5,035	4,683	4,223	4,107	3,951	3,885	3,833	4,084
Veterans’ services	†	57	157	337	927	893	1,089	1,126	1,045	1,381	702	1,229	1,475	1,156
Transportation1	19,819	39,231	75,410	130,422	183,282	187,442	189,026	194,999	202,055	210,140	215,685	231,807	243,111	246,727
Public safety	9,416	31,233	79,932	146,544	225,202	225,205	227,242	234,248	240,715	249,346	257,855	266,362	276,619	289,306
Police and fire protection	7,531	21,283	46,568	84,554	138,147	139,396	141,144	146,054	150,774	157,098	164,173	169,991	178,528	186,833
Correction	1,885	7,393	27,356	52,370	73,243	72,358	72,374	74,254	76,641	77,885	79,287	81,500	82,433	86,142
Protective inspection and regulation	†	2,557	6,008	9,620	13,812	13,451	13,723	13,941	13,300	14,363	14,395	14,871	15,658	16,331
Environment and housing	11,832	35,223	76,167	124,203	200,491	195,935	190,207	190,371	193,823	202,636	212,285	218,673	232,111	239,265
Natural resources, parks, and      recreation	5,191	13,239	28,505	50,082	67,053	66,049	65,370	65,431	68,239	72,553	77,356	78,051	84,438	87,228
Housing and community development	2,554	7,086	16,648	27,402	56,284	53,727	50,527	50,076	49,754	49,871	52,867	53,871	57,235	59,188
Sewerage and sanitation	4,087	14,898	31,014	46,718	77,154	76,158	74,309	74,865	75,830	80,213	82,062	86,751	90,438	92,850
Governmental administration	6,703	20,001	48,461	85,910	123,851	128,232	128,210	132,982	134,760	139,139	145,825	150,030	154,088	157,923
Financial administration	2,271	7,230	16,995	30,007	39,351	40,580	41,505	42,564	43,117	44,187	48,053	49,347	49,921	50,746
General control2	4,432	12,771	31,466	55,903	84,500	87,652	86,705	90,418	91,643	94,952	97,772	100,683	104,167	107,177
Interest on general debt	5,089	17,131	52,234	73,836	108,478	108,921	108,711	107,250	105,613	105,221	106,316	111,069	113,477	114,045
Other direct general expenditures	7,265	24,426	47,242	93,382	135,388	129,580	129,522	134,668	137,413	134,174	131,666	147,921	148,629	160,570
	Amounts in millions of constant 2021-22 dollars3
Total direct general expenditures	$1,069,700	$1,326,532	$1,912,449	$2,612,205	$3,290,497	$3,212,291	$3,204,527	$3,264,545	$3,385,439	$3,504,741	$3,572,742	$3,641,728	$3,728,534	$3,830,945
Education and public libraries	427,201	480,701	660,735	920,327	1,113,585	1,092,768	1,085,096	1,100,798	1,127,165	1,165,927	1,193,077	1,204,511	1,230,742	1,255,189
Education	421,799	474,629	651,380	907,760	1,099,938	1,078,603	1,071,475	1,087,473	1,113,378	1,151,693	1,178,612	1,189,762	1,216,452	1,240,688
Public libraries	5,403	6,072	9,355	12,567	13,647	14,165	13,621	13,325	13,787	14,234	14,465	14,749	14,289	14,502
Social services and income maintenance	215,652	301,331	452,613	637,985	931,013	910,798	933,414	970,046	1,049,538	1,107,071	1,136,494	1,157,540	1,197,134	1,251,493
Public welfare	129,394	176,202	274,623	414,569	625,881	604,112	627,860	653,995	731,051	772,329	787,242	803,785	830,523	867,483
Hospitals and health	79,549	117,534	170,815	215,853	297,245	299,003	298,089	309,079	312,209	328,246	343,844	347,942	360,700	378,265
Social insurance administration	6,709	7,410	6,844	7,021	6,705	6,576	6,138	5,621	5,032	4,861	4,592	4,416	4,268	4,478
Veterans’ services	†	186	331	542	1,183	1,107	1,327	1,352	1,245	1,634	816	1,397	1,643	1,267
Transportation1	140,704	127,724	158,811	210,074	233,800	232,300	230,428	234,053	240,769	248,726	250,678	263,476	270,715	270,509
Public safety	66,848	101,685	168,334	236,043	287,274	279,100	277,015	281,164	286,837	295,131	299,690	302,753	308,028	317,193
Police and fire protection	53,466	69,291	98,071	136,194	176,224	172,756	172,059	175,306	179,662	185,945	190,809	193,215	198,799	204,842
Correction	13,382	24,069	57,611	84,354	93,431	89,674	88,226	89,126	91,326	92,186	92,150	92,634	91,793	94,446
Protective inspection and regulation	†	8,325	12,653	15,495	17,619	16,670	16,729	16,733	15,848	17,000	16,731	16,903	17,436	17,905
Environment and housing	84,000	114,676	160,405	200,057	255,753	242,825	231,868	228,499	230,960	239,845	246,727	248,548	258,466	262,329
Natural resources, parks, and      recreation	36,853	43,102	60,031	80,669	85,535	81,856	79,688	78,535	81,313	85,875	89,907	88,714	94,025	95,636
Housing and community development	18,132	23,070	35,060	44,138	71,797	66,585	61,594	60,105	59,287	59,028	61,444	61,231	63,734	64,894
Sewerage and sanitation	29,015	48,503	65,315	75,250	98,420	94,384	90,585	89,859	90,359	94,942	95,376	98,603	100,707	101,800
Governmental administration	47,588	65,117	102,057	138,377	157,988	158,920	156,292	159,616	160,580	164,688	169,484	170,527	171,583	173,146
Financial administration	16,123	23,539	35,791	48,333	50,197	50,292	50,596	51,088	51,378	52,300	55,849	56,088	55,589	55,638
General control2	31,465	41,579	66,266	90,044	107,791	108,629	105,697	108,527	109,202	112,388	113,635	114,439	115,994	117,508
Interest on general debt	36,129	55,773	110,003	118,929	138,378	134,987	132,523	128,730	125,849	124,542	123,565	126,243	126,362	125,038
Other direct general expenditures	51,577	79,524	99,490	150,413	172,705	160,591	157,891	161,639	163,741	158,811	153,027	168,130	165,504	176,047
	Percentage distribution
Total direct general expenditures	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Education and public libraries	39.9	36.2	34.5	35.2	33.8	34.0	33.9	33.7	33.3	33.3	33.4	33.1	33.0	32.8
Education	39.4	35.8	34.1	34.8	33.4	33.6	33.4	33.3	32.9	32.9	33.0	32.7	32.6	32.4
Public libraries	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Social services and income maintenance	20.2	22.7	23.7	24.4	28.3	28.4	29.1	29.7	31.0	31.6	31.8	31.8	32.1	32.7
Public welfare	12.1	13.3	14.4	15.9	19.0	18.8	19.6	20.0	21.6	22.0	22.0	22.1	22.3	22.6
Hospitals and health	7.4	8.9	8.9	8.3	9.0	9.3	9.3	9.5	9.2	9.4	9.6	9.6	9.7	9.9
Social insurance administration	0.6	0.6	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Veterans’ services	†	#	#	#	#	#	#	#	#	#	#	#	#	#
Transportation1	13.2	9.6	8.3	8.0	7.1	7.2	7.2	7.2	7.1	7.1	7.0	7.2	7.3	7.1
Public safety	6.2	7.7	8.8	9.0	8.7	8.7	8.6	8.6	8.5	8.4	8.4	8.3	8.3	8.3
Police and fire protection	5.0	5.2	5.1	5.2	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.3	5.3	5.3	5.3	5.3	5.3
Correction	1.3	1.8	3.0	3.2	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.7	2.6	2.6	2.5	2.5	2.5
Protective inspection and regulation	†	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Environment and housing	7.9	8.6	8.4	7.7	7.8	7.6	7.2	7.0	6.8	6.8	6.9	6.8	6.9	6.8
Natural resources, parks, and      recreation	3.4	3.2	3.1	3.1	2.6	2.5	2.5	2.4	2.4	2.5	2.5	2.4	2.5	2.5
Housing and community development	1.7	1.7	1.8	1.7	2.2	2.1	1.9	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.7
Sewerage and sanitation	2.7	3.7	3.4	2.9	3.0	2.9	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.7
Governmental administration	4.4	4.9	5.3	5.3	4.8	4.9	4.9	4.9	4.7	4.7	4.7	4.7	4.6	4.5
Financial administration	1.5	1.8	1.9	1.9	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.5	1.6	1.5	1.5	1.5
General control2	2.9	3.1	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.4	3.3	3.3	3.2	3.2	3.2	3.1	3.1	3.1
Interest on general debt	3.4	4.2	5.8	4.6	4.2	4.2	4.1	3.9	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.5	3.4	3.3
Other direct general expenditures	4.8	6.0	5.2	5.8	5.2	5.0	4.9	5.0	4.8	4.5	4.3	4.6	4.4	4.6

†Not applicable.

#Rounds to zero.

1Includes highways, air transportation (airports), parking facilities, and sea and inland port facilities. For 2000-01 and earlier years, also includes transit subsidies.

2Includes judicial and legal expenditures, expenditures on general public buildings, and other governmental administration expenditures.

3Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis.

NOTE: Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Governmental Finances. Retrieved August 25, 2022, from https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/gov-finances/data/datasets.html. (This table was prepared August 2022.)