Table 605.20.

Government and private expenditures on education institutions as a percentage of gross domestic product, by level of education and country: Selected years, 2005 through 2018

Country	All institutions1									Elementary and secondary institutions														Postsecondary institutions
	Government expenditures					All expenditures, 2018				Government expenditures								All expenditures, 2018						Government expenditures					All expenditures, 2018
	2005	2010	2015	2016	2017	Govern-ment	Private		Total2	2005	2010	2015		2016		2017		Govern-ment		Private		Total2		2005	2010	2015	2016	2017	Govern-ment	Private		Total2
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8		9	10	11	12		13		14		15		16		17		18	19	20	21	22	23	24		25
OECD average3	4.3	4.5	4.2	4.1	4.0	4.0	0.8		4.9	3.3	3.5	3.2		3.1		3.1		3.1		0.3		3.4		1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.5		1.4
Australia4	3.9	4.6	3.9	3.9	4.0	4.0	2.0	5	5.9	3.2	3.8	3.2		3.2		3.2		3.3		0.7		4.0		0.7	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.7	1.2	5	1.9
Austria	---	---	4.6	4.6	4.5	4.4	0.3		4.7	---	---	3.0		3.0		2.9		2.8		0.1		3.0		---	---	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6	0.2		1.7
Belgium	5.0	5.4	5.3	5.3	5.3	5.2	0.3		5.6	3.9	4.1	4.1		4.0		4.0		4.0		0.1		4.1		1.1	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.3	0.2		1.5
Canada6	4.4	5.1	4.4	4.5	4.5	4.4	1.4	5	5.9	3.1	3.5	3.2	7	3.3	7	3.3	7	3.2	7	0.3	5,7	3.5	7	1.3	1.6	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.1	5	2.3
Chile	2.8	3.2	3.3	3.8	4.0	4.0	2.6		6.6	2.5	2.7	2.6		3.0		3.0		3.0		1.2		4.2		0.3	0.5	0.7	0.8	1.0	1.0	1.4		2.4
Colombia7	4.6	4.2	3.9	3.9	4.0	3.8	1.1		4.9	4.0	3.3	3.1		3.1		3.2		3.0		0.9		4.0		0.6	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.2		0.9
Costa Rica	---	6.0	6.4	6.1	---	5.4	---		---	---	4.8	4.8		4.6		---		3.9		---		---		---	1.2	1.5	1.6	---	1.6	---		---
Czech Republic	3.2	3.3	3.2	3.0	3.1	3.6	0.4		4.1	2.5	2.4	2.4		2.3		2.4		2.7		0.2		2.9		0.8	0.9	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.9	0.2		1.2
Denmark	5.9	6.2	---	5.1	4.8	4.7	0.3		5.2	4.3	4.6	---		3.4		3.4		3.3		0.1		3.4		1.6	1.7	---	1.6	1.4	1.4	0.2		1.7
Estonia	4.1	4.8	3.9	3.9	3.8	4.1	0.4		4.7	3.4	3.7	2.7		2.7		2.8		3.0		0.1		3.1		0.8	1.0	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.1	0.3		1.6
Finland	5.2	5.7	5.5	5.4	5.0	5.0	0.1		5.1	3.7	3.9	3.9		3.8		3.6		3.6		#		3.6		1.6	1.8	1.6	1.5	1.4	1.4	0.1		1.5
France	4.6	4.8	4.5	4.5	4.5	4.5	0.7		5.2	3.5	3.6	3.4		3.4		3.4		3.4		0.3		3.7		1.1	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	0.3		1.5
Germany	3.7	3.9	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.7	0.6		4.3	2.8	2.9	2.6		2.6		2.6		2.6		0.4		3.0		0.9	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.2		1.2
Greece7	3.9	---	3.4	3.3	3.2	3.3	0.3		3.7	2.5	---	2.6		2.6		2.6		2.6		0.2		2.9		1.4	---	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.1		0.9
Hungary	4.1	3.5	3.2	3.5	3.3	3.3	0.6		3.8	3.2	2.7	2.6		2.8		2.6		2.5		0.2		2.8		0.8	0.8	0.5	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.3		1.1
Iceland	6.1	5.4	5.3	5.2	5.5	5.5	0.2		5.8	5.0	4.3	4.2		4.1		4.3		4.4		0.1		4.6		1.1	1.0	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.0	0.1		1.2
Ireland8	4.0	5.4	3.0	3.0	2.8	2.8	0.5		3.3	3.1	4.3	2.3		2.3		2.2		2.2		0.2		2.4		0.9	1.2	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.2		0.9
Israel	4.4	4.5	4.9	4.8	5.0	5.1	1.2		6.2	3.5	3.7	4.0		4.0		4.2		4.3		0.5		4.8		0.8	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.7		1.4
Italy	3.6	3.6	3.3	3.1	3.3	3.5	0.6		4.1	3.0	3.0	2.8		2.6		2.8		2.9		0.2		3.2		0.6	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.3		0.9
Japan9	2.9	3.2	3.0	2.9	2.9	2.8	1.1		4.0	2.5	2.7	2.5		2.4		2.4		2.4		0.2		2.6		0.5	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.9		1.4
Korea, Republic of	---	---	3.7	3.6	3.6	3.8	1.3	5	5.1	---	---	3.0		3.0		3.0		3.1		0.4	5	3.5		---	---	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.9	5	1.6
Latvia	3.9	3.9	4.3	3.7	3.4	3.4	0.5		4.1	3.1	3.2	3.2		3.0		2.8		2.7		0.2		2.9		0.8	0.7	1.1	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.4		1.2
Lithuania	3.9	4.4	3.4	3.1	2.9	2.9	0.4		3.4	3.0	3.3	2.3		2.4		2.3		2.2		0.1		2.3		0.8	1.1	1.1	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.3		1.1
Luxembourg	---	---	3.3	3.0	3.0	3.1	0.1		3.3	3.7	3.5	2.8		2.5		2.6		2.7		0.1		2.9		---	---	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	#		0.4
Mexico	4.0	4.2	4.2	4.0	3.7	3.4	1.2		4.6	3.2	3.2	3.2		3.0		2.8		2.6		0.6		3.2		0.8	0.9	1.0	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.6		1.4
Netherlands	4.1	4.4	4.3	4.2	4.2	4.2	0.9		5.2	3.1	3.3	3.1		3.1		3.0		3.0		0.5		3.5		1.0	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.1	0.5		1.7
New Zealand	---	---	4.9	4.7	4.7	4.6	1.5		6.2	---	---	3.9		3.9		3.8		3.7		0.7		4.5		---	---	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.8		1.7
Norway	6.6	6.4	6.3	6.4	6.4	6.4	0.1		6.6	4.9	4.9	4.6		4.6		4.7		4.6		#		4.7		1.7	1.6	1.7	1.8	1.8	1.8	0.1		2.0
Poland10	4.8	4.4	4.0	3.8	3.7	3.7	0.6		4.4	3.6	3.4	2.9		2.9		2.8		2.8		0.3		3.2		1.2	1.0	1.1	0.9	1.0	0.9	0.2		1.2
Portugal	4.4	4.6	4.1	4.1	4.2	4.0	0.8		5.0	3.6	3.7	3.4		3.4		3.5		3.3		0.4		3.8		0.8	0.9	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.4		1.1
Slovak Republic	3.1	3.2	3.8	3.1	3.1	3.1	0.5		3.7	2.4	2.6	2.5		2.4		2.5		2.5		0.3		2.8		0.7	0.6	1.2	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.3		0.9
Slovenia	4.7	4.5	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.7	0.4		4.2	3.7	3.5	3.0		2.9		2.9		2.9		0.3		3.2		0.9	1.0	0.9	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.1		1.0
Spain	3.5	4.0	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.4	0.8		4.3	2.7	3.0	2.7		2.7		2.6		2.6		0.4		3.0		0.9	1.0	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.4		1.3
Sweden	5.3	5.1	4.9	5.1	5.2	5.3	0.2		5.5	4.0	3.7	3.6		3.8		3.9		4.0		†		4.0		1.3	1.4	1.4	1.3	1.3	1.3	0.2		1.6
Switzerland	4.6	4.2	4.4	4.4	4.4	---	---		---	3.4	3.1	3.1		3.1		3.1		---		---		---		1.2	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	---		---
Turkey	2.6	3.2	3.8	4.0	3.7	3.7	1.4		5.1	1.9	2.4	2.5		2.6		2.4		2.5		0.9		3.4		0.7	0.9	1.3	1.4	1.3	1.2	0.5		1.7
United Kingdom	---	---	4.3	4.2	4.1	3.9	2.1		6.1	3.4	3.4	3.8		3.7		3.6		3.4		0.7		4.1		---	---	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	1.4		2.0
United States	4.5	4.7	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.1	1.9		6.0	3.5	3.6	3.2		3.2		3.2		3.2		0.3		3.5		1.0	1.1	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	1.6		2.5
Other reporting     country
Russian Federation	---	2.8	2.6	2.6	2.9	2.9	0.4		3.4	---	1.9	1.8		1.9		2.3		2.3		0.1		2.4		---	1.0	0.7	0.7	0.5	0.7	0.3		1.0

---Not available.

†Not applicable.

#Rounds to zero.

1 Includes expenditures that could not be reported by level of education.

2 Includes government expenditures, private expenditures, and international expenditures that are not shown separately in the table.

3 Refers to the mean of the data values for all reporting Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, to which each country reporting data contributes equally. The average includes all current OECD countries for which a given year's data are available, even if they were not members of OECD in that year.

4 Due to revised data sources and methodology, expenditure data for 2017 and 2018 cannot be compared to earlier years of data. Expenditure data for 2018 also are not comparable to expenditure data for 2017.

5 Includes expenditures on education institutions from international sources.

6 Elementary and secondary education expenditures include preprimary education (for children ages 3 and older).

7 Elementary and secondary education expenditures exclude postsecondary nondegree programs. Postsecondary nondegree figures are treated as negligible.

8 Methodology has been revised due to a large GDP increase in 2015, resulting in a break in trend expenditure data for years prior to 2015.

9 Postsecondary nondegree programs included in both secondary and postsecondary programs.

10 Due to educational structural reform in school year 2017-18, ISCED 1 to 3 data for 2017 are not comparable to earlier years of data.

NOTE: Government expenditures on education include both amounts spent directly by governments to hire education personnel and procure other resources as well as amounts provided by governments to public or private institutions. Types of expenditures may include direct expenditures, research and development activities, ancillary expenditures, and capital expenditures. Private expenditures include government subsidies that are used for payments to education institutions. All data in this table were calculated using International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011. Expenditures for ISCED level 4 (postsecondary nondegree programs) are included in elementary and secondary education unless otherwise noted. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. This table includes only data that had been validated for consistency and accuracy by OECD and the relevant country as of October 7, 2021.

SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Online Education Database, retrieved October 7, 2021, from https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx. (This table was prepared October 2021.)