Table 106.30.

Amount and percentage distribution of direct general expenditures of state and local governments, by function: Selected years, 1970-71 through 2018-19

Function	1970-71	1980-81	1990-91	2000-01	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	2015-16	2016-17	2017-18	2018-19
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
	Amounts in millions of current dollars
Total direct general expenditures	$150,674	$407,449	$908,109	$1,621,757	$2,579,509	$2,591,987	$2,628,752	$2,719,820	$2,841,079	$2,961,032	$3,074,958	$3,203,175	$3,336,134
Education and public libraries	60,174	147,649	313,744	571,374	872,969	881,751	890,131	917,118	945,924	985,051	1,025,878	1,059,255	1,101,279
Education	59,413	145,784	309,302	563,572	862,271	870,321	878,957	906,016	934,353	973,025	1,013,378	1,046,585	1,088,239
Public libraries	761	1,865	4,442	7,802	10,699	11,430	11,174	11,102	11,570	12,026	12,500	12,670	13,040
Social services and income maintenance	30,376	92,555	214,919	396,086	729,846	734,920	765,702	808,183	880,778	935,325	977,553	1,018,448	1,070,809
Public welfare	18,226	54,121	130,402	257,380	490,645	487,456	515,049	544,869	613,502	652,514	677,053	707,418	743,712
Hospitals and health	11,205	36,101	81,110	134,010	233,018	241,265	244,529	257,506	262,008	277,324	295,825	305,896	321,719
Social insurance administration	945	2,276	3,250	4,359	5,256	5,306	5,035	4,683	4,223	4,107	3,973	3,906	3,902
Veterans’ services	†	57	157	337	927	893	1,089	1,126	1,045	1,381	702	1,229	1,476
Transportation1	19,819	39,231	75,410	130,422	183,282	187,442	189,026	194,999	202,055	210,140	215,966	230,503	242,622
Public safety	9,416	31,233	79,932	146,544	225,202	225,205	227,242	234,248	240,715	249,346	258,222	267,409	274,753
Police and fire protection	7,531	21,283	46,568	84,554	138,147	139,396	141,144	146,054	150,774	157,098	164,436	170,678	176,938
Correction	1,885	7,393	27,356	52,370	73,243	72,358	72,374	74,254	76,641	77,885	79,290	81,870	82,175
Protective inspection and regulation	†	2,557	6,008	9,620	13,812	13,451	13,723	13,941	13,300	14,363	14,496	14,861	15,640
Environment and housing	11,832	35,223	76,167	124,203	200,491	195,935	190,207	190,371	193,823	202,636	212,166	216,858	227,535
Natural resources, parks, and     recreation	5,191	13,239	28,505	50,082	67,053	66,049	65,370	65,431	68,239	72,553	77,307	78,369	82,704
Housing and community development	2,554	7,086	16,648	27,402	56,284	53,727	50,527	50,076	49,754	49,871	53,095	53,763	56,554
Sewerage and sanitation	4,087	14,898	31,014	46,718	77,154	76,158	74,309	74,865	75,830	80,213	81,763	84,726	88,277
Governmental administration	6,703	20,001	48,461	85,910	123,851	128,232	128,210	132,982	134,760	139,139	146,047	150,252	155,829
Financial administration	2,271	7,230	16,995	30,007	39,351	40,580	41,505	42,564	43,117	44,187	47,676	49,344	51,467
General control2	4,432	12,771	31,466	55,903	84,500	87,652	86,705	90,418	91,643	94,952	98,371	100,908	104,362
Interest on general debt	5,089	17,131	52,234	73,836	108,478	108,921	108,711	107,250	105,613	105,221	106,382	111,118	113,785
Other direct general expenditures	7,265	24,426	47,242	93,382	135,388	129,580	129,522	134,668	137,413	134,174	132,744	149,332	149,522
	Amounts in millions of constant 2020-21 dollars3
Total direct general expenditures	$998,112	$1,237,756	$1,784,462	$2,437,388	$3,070,286	$2,997,314	$2,990,070	$3,046,072	$3,158,874	$3,270,192	$3,334,673	$3,397,140	$3,466,317
Education and public libraries	398,612	448,531	616,517	858,735	1,039,061	1,019,637	1,012,478	1,027,129	1,051,732	1,087,900	1,112,525	1,123,398	1,144,253
Education	393,571	442,865	607,788	847,009	1,026,327	1,006,420	999,769	1,014,696	1,038,867	1,074,618	1,098,969	1,109,960	1,130,705
Public libraries	5,041	5,666	8,729	11,726	12,734	13,217	12,710	12,433	12,865	13,282	13,556	13,438	13,548
Social services and income maintenance	201,220	281,165	422,322	595,289	868,707	849,845	870,947	905,128	979,299	1,032,982	1,060,118	1,080,119	1,112,595
Public welfare	120,735	164,410	256,244	386,824	583,995	563,683	585,842	610,228	682,126	720,642	734,238	750,255	772,733
Hospitals and health	74,225	109,668	159,384	201,408	277,352	278,993	278,140	288,394	291,315	306,279	320,810	324,419	334,273
Social insurance administration	6,260	6,914	6,386	6,551	6,256	6,136	5,727	5,244	4,696	4,536	4,308	4,142	4,054
Veterans’ services	†	173	309	506	1,103	1,033	1,238	1,261	1,162	1,525	761	1,304	1,534
Transportation1	131,287	119,177	148,183	196,015	218,153	216,754	215,007	218,390	224,656	232,080	234,206	244,460	252,089
Public safety	62,375	94,880	157,069	220,246	268,049	260,422	258,476	262,347	267,641	275,380	280,032	283,602	285,475
Police and fire protection	49,888	64,654	91,508	127,079	164,431	161,195	160,545	163,574	167,639	173,501	178,325	181,013	183,842
Correction	12,487	22,459	53,755	78,709	87,179	83,673	82,322	83,161	85,214	86,017	85,987	86,828	85,382
Protective inspection and regulation	†	7,768	11,806	14,458	16,440	15,555	15,610	15,613	14,788	15,863	15,720	15,761	16,250
Environment and housing	78,379	107,001	149,670	186,669	238,637	226,575	216,351	213,207	215,504	223,793	230,086	229,990	236,414
Natural resources, parks, and     recreation	34,387	40,218	56,013	75,270	79,811	76,378	74,355	73,279	75,872	80,128	83,837	83,115	85,931
Housing and community development	16,919	21,526	32,714	41,184	66,992	62,129	57,472	56,082	55,320	55,078	57,580	57,019	58,761
Sewerage and sanitation	27,074	45,257	60,943	70,214	91,834	88,068	84,523	83,845	84,312	88,588	88,669	89,856	91,722
Governmental administration	44,403	60,759	95,227	129,116	147,415	148,285	145,833	148,934	149,833	153,666	158,383	159,350	161,910
Financial administration	15,044	21,963	33,396	45,099	46,838	46,926	47,210	47,669	47,940	48,800	51,703	52,332	53,475
General control2	29,359	38,796	61,832	84,018	100,577	101,359	98,623	101,264	101,894	104,866	106,679	107,018	108,435
Interest on general debt	33,711	52,041	102,641	110,970	129,118	125,954	123,654	120,115	117,427	116,207	115,367	117,846	118,225
Other direct general expenditures	48,126	74,202	92,832	140,347	161,147	149,843	147,324	150,822	152,783	148,183	143,956	158,375	155,356
	Percentage distribution
Total direct general expenditures	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Education and public libraries	39.9	36.2	34.5	35.2	33.8	34.0	33.9	33.7	33.3	33.3	33.4	33.1	33.0
Education	39.4	35.8	34.1	34.8	33.4	33.6	33.4	33.3	32.9	32.9	33.0	32.7	32.6
Public libraries	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Social services and income maintenance	20.2	22.7	23.7	24.4	28.3	28.4	29.1	29.7	31.0	31.6	31.8	31.8	32.1
Public welfare	12.1	13.3	14.4	15.9	19.0	18.8	19.6	20.0	21.6	22.0	22.0	22.1	22.3
Hospitals and health	7.4	8.9	8.9	8.3	9.0	9.3	9.3	9.5	9.2	9.4	9.6	9.5	9.6
Social insurance administration	0.6	0.6	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Veterans’ services	†	#	#	#	#	#	#	#	#	#	#	#	#
Transportation1	13.2	9.6	8.3	8.0	7.1	7.2	7.2	7.2	7.1	7.1	7.0	7.2	7.3
Public safety	6.2	7.7	8.8	9.0	8.7	8.7	8.6	8.6	8.5	8.4	8.4	8.3	8.2
Police and fire protection	5.0	5.2	5.1	5.2	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.3	5.3	5.3	5.3	5.3
Correction	1.3	1.8	3.0	3.2	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.7	2.6	2.6	2.6	2.5
Protective inspection and regulation	†	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Environment and housing	7.9	8.6	8.4	7.7	7.8	7.6	7.2	7.0	6.8	6.8	6.9	6.8	6.8
Natural resources, parks, and     recreation	3.4	3.2	3.1	3.1	2.6	2.5	2.5	2.4	2.4	2.5	2.5	2.4	2.5
Housing and community development	1.7	1.7	1.8	1.7	2.2	2.1	1.9	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.7
Sewerage and sanitation	2.7	3.7	3.4	2.9	3.0	2.9	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.6	2.6
Governmental administration	4.4	4.9	5.3	5.3	4.8	4.9	4.9	4.9	4.7	4.7	4.7	4.7	4.7
Financial administration	1.5	1.8	1.9	1.9	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.5	1.6	1.5	1.5
General control2	2.9	3.1	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.4	3.3	3.3	3.2	3.2	3.2	3.2	3.1
Interest on general debt	3.4	4.2	5.8	4.6	4.2	4.2	4.1	3.9	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.5	3.4
Other direct general expenditures	4.8	6.0	5.2	5.8	5.2	5.0	4.9	5.0	4.8	4.5	4.3	4.7	4.5

†Not applicable.

#Rounds to zero.

1 Includes highways, air transportation (airports), parking facilities, and sea and inland port facilities. For 2000-01 and earlier years, also includes transit subsidies.

2 Includes judicial and legal expenditures, expenditures on general public buildings, and other governmental administration expenditures.

3 Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis.

NOTE: Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Governmental Finances. Retrieved September 3, 2021, from https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/gov-finances/data/datasets.html. (This table was prepared October 2021.)