Table 106.30.

Amount and percentage distribution of direct general expenditures of state and local governments, by function: Selected years, 1970-71 through 2017-18

Function	1970-71	1980-81	1990-91	2000-01	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	2015-16	2016-17	2017-18
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13
	Amount (in millions of current dollars)
Total direct general expenditures	$150,674	$407,449	$908,109	$1,621,757	$2,579,509	$2,589,246	$2,623,305	$2,710,967	$2,839,458	$2,961,032	$3,072,781	$3,201,956
Education and public libraries	60,174	147,649	313,744	571,374	872,969	879,294	888,240	916,301	947,318	985,051	1,025,402	1,058,952
Education	59,413	145,784	309,302	563,572	862,271	867,839	877,059	905,213	935,754	973,025	1,012,871	1,046,262
Public libraries	761	1,865	4,442	7,802	10,699	11,455	11,181	11,088	11,564	12,026	12,530	12,691
Social services and income maintenance	30,376	92,555	214,919	396,086	729,846	732,663	765,511	805,538	883,060	935,325	975,260	1,024,456
Public welfare	18,226	54,121	130,402	257,380	490,645	484,025	515,296	543,511	614,553	652,514	678,267	718,128
Hospitals and health	11,205	36,101	81,110	134,010	233,018	242,684	244,290	256,553	263,420	277,324	292,285	301,153
Social insurance administration	945	2,276	3,250	4,359	5,256	5,116	4,901	4,415	4,114	4,107	3,919	3,859
Veterans’ services	†	57	157	337	927	838	1,024	1,060	973	1,381	789	1,316
Transportation1	19,819	39,231	75,410	130,422	183,282	188,344	186,324	191,924	198,621	210,140	216,171	223,955
Public safety	9,416	31,233	79,932	146,544	225,202	225,666	228,400	235,042	241,787	249,346	258,082	266,985
Police and fire protection	7,531	21,283	46,568	84,554	138,147	139,344	141,308	145,952	151,011	157,098	164,807	170,844
Correction	1,885	7,393	27,356	52,370	73,243	72,766	73,040	74,943	77,058	77,885	78,807	81,272
Protective inspection and regulation	†	2,557	6,008	9,620	13,812	13,556	14,052	14,147	13,718	14,363	14,467	14,869
Environment and housing	11,832	35,223	76,167	124,203	200,491	196,193	190,321	190,175	193,912	202,636	211,851	216,750
Natural resources, parks, and     recreation	5,191	13,239	28,505	50,082	67,053	66,455	65,472	65,544	68,358	72,553	76,993	78,051
Housing and community development	2,554	7,086	16,648	27,402	56,284	53,647	50,586	50,244	49,916	49,871	52,864	53,889
Sewerage and sanitation	4,087	14,898	31,014	46,718	77,154	76,090	74,263	74,387	75,638	80,213	81,993	84,810
Governmental administration	6,703	20,001	48,461	85,910	123,851	123,245	123,580	127,676	130,458	139,139	144,184	148,270
Financial administration	2,271	7,230	16,995	30,007	39,351	38,620	39,785	40,501	41,920	44,187	45,419	46,968
General control2	4,432	12,771	31,466	55,903	84,500	84,624	83,796	87,175	88,538	94,952	98,765	101,302
Interest on general debt	5,089	17,131	52,234	73,836	108,478	110,219	108,614	106,940	105,258	105,221	106,920	111,279
Other direct general expenditures	7,265	24,426	47,242	93,382	135,388	133,622	132,314	137,371	139,043	134,174	134,912	151,309
	Amount (in millions of constant 2019-20 dollars)3
Total direct general expenditures	$975,654	$1,209,906	$1,744,311	$2,382,545	$3,001,204	$2,926,776	$2,916,736	$2,967,843	$3,086,036	$3,196,612	$3,257,333	$3,319,440
Education and public libraries	389,643	438,439	602,645	839,414	1,015,681	993,918	987,595	1,003,124	1,029,583	1,063,422	1,086,988	1,097,806
Education	384,715	432,901	594,112	827,951	1,003,234	980,970	975,163	990,986	1,017,015	1,050,439	1,073,705	1,084,650
Public libraries	4,928	5,538	8,532	11,462	12,447	12,948	12,431	12,138	12,568	12,983	13,283	13,156
Social services and income maintenance	196,693	274,839	412,820	581,895	849,161	828,172	851,138	881,867	959,745	1,009,740	1,033,834	1,062,044
Public welfare	118,018	160,710	250,478	378,121	570,855	547,122	572,935	595,011	667,921	704,428	719,004	744,477
Hospitals and health	72,555	107,201	155,797	196,876	271,112	274,320	271,615	280,862	286,296	299,388	309,840	312,202
Social insurance administration	6,119	6,759	6,243	6,404	6,115	5,783	5,449	4,833	4,471	4,434	4,154	4,001
Veterans’ services	†	169	302	494	1,079	947	1,139	1,160	1,058	1,490	836	1,364
Transportation1	128,333	116,495	144,849	191,605	213,245	212,897	207,165	210,110	215,869	226,859	229,155	232,172
Public safety	60,971	92,745	153,535	215,290	262,018	255,083	253,948	257,313	262,783	269,184	273,582	276,781
Police and fire protection	48,765	63,199	89,449	124,220	160,731	157,508	157,114	159,781	164,124	169,597	174,706	177,113
Correction	12,206	21,953	52,546	76,938	85,217	82,252	81,210	82,044	83,749	84,081	83,541	84,254
Protective inspection and regulation	†	7,593	11,540	14,133	16,070	15,323	15,624	15,488	14,910	15,506	15,336	15,415
Environment and housing	76,615	104,594	146,303	182,468	233,267	221,768	211,610	208,194	210,751	218,758	224,574	224,703
Natural resources, parks, and     recreation	33,613	39,313	54,753	73,577	78,015	75,118	72,795	71,754	74,295	78,325	81,618	80,915
Housing and community development	16,538	21,042	31,978	40,257	65,485	60,641	56,245	55,005	54,250	53,838	56,039	55,867
Sewerage and sanitation	26,464	44,239	59,572	68,635	89,767	86,009	82,570	81,436	82,206	86,595	86,918	87,921
Governmental administration	43,404	59,392	93,085	126,211	144,098	139,311	137,403	139,774	141,787	150,209	152,844	153,710
Financial administration	14,705	21,469	32,644	44,084	45,784	43,655	44,235	44,339	45,560	47,702	48,147	48,691
General control2	28,698	37,923	60,440	82,127	98,314	95,656	93,169	95,435	96,227	102,507	104,697	105,019
Interest on general debt	32,953	50,870	100,332	108,473	126,212	124,587	120,763	117,073	114,399	113,593	113,341	115,362
Other direct general expenditures	47,043	72,532	90,743	137,189	157,521	151,040	147,114	150,388	151,118	144,849	143,014	156,860
	Percentage distribution
Total direct general expenditures	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Education and public libraries	39.9	36.2	34.5	35.2	33.8	34.0	33.9	33.8	33.4	33.3	33.4	33.1
Education	39.4	35.8	34.1	34.8	33.4	33.5	33.4	33.4	33.0	32.9	33.0	32.7
Public libraries	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Social services and income maintenance	20.2	22.7	23.7	24.4	28.3	28.3	29.2	29.7	31.1	31.6	31.7	32.0
Public welfare	12.1	13.3	14.4	15.9	19.0	18.7	19.6	20.0	21.6	22.0	22.1	22.4
Hospitals and health	7.4	8.9	8.9	8.3	9.0	9.4	9.3	9.5	9.3	9.4	9.5	9.4
Social insurance administration	0.6	0.6	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Veterans’ services	†	#	#	#	#	#	#	#	#	#	#	#
Transportation1	13.2	9.6	8.3	8.0	7.1	7.3	7.1	7.1	7.0	7.1	7.0	7.0
Public safety	6.2	7.7	8.8	9.0	8.7	8.7	8.7	8.7	8.5	8.4	8.4	8.3
Police and fire protection	5.0	5.2	5.1	5.2	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.3	5.3	5.4	5.3
Correction	1.3	1.8	3.0	3.2	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.6	2.6	2.5
Protective inspection and regulation	†	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Environment and housing	7.9	8.6	8.4	7.7	7.8	7.6	7.3	7.0	6.8	6.8	6.9	6.8
Natural resources, parks, and     recreation	3.4	3.2	3.1	3.1	2.6	2.6	2.5	2.4	2.4	2.5	2.5	2.4
Housing and community development	1.7	1.7	1.8	1.7	2.2	2.1	1.9	1.9	1.8	1.7	1.7	1.7
Sewerage and sanitation	2.7	3.7	3.4	2.9	3.0	2.9	2.8	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.6
Governmental administration	4.4	4.9	5.3	5.3	4.8	4.8	4.7	4.7	4.6	4.7	4.7	4.6
Financial administration	1.5	1.8	1.9	1.9	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5
General control2	2.9	3.1	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.3	3.2	3.2	3.1	3.2	3.2	3.2
Interest on general debt	3.4	4.2	5.8	4.6	4.2	4.3	4.1	3.9	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.5
Other direct general expenditures	4.8	6.0	5.2	5.8	5.2	5.2	5.0	5.1	4.9	4.5	4.4	4.7

†Not applicable.

#Rounds to zero.

1 Includes highways, air transportation (airports), parking facilities, and sea and inland port facilities. For 2000-01 and earlier years, also includes transit subsidies.

2 Includes judicial and legal expenditures, expenditures on general public buildings, and other governmental administration expenditures.

3 Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis.

NOTE: Excludes monies paid by states to the federal government. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Governmental Finances. Retrieved November 5, 2020, from https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/gov-finances/data/datasets.html. (This table was prepared November 2020.)