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Table 316.80. | Percentage of degree-granting postsecondary institutions with a tenure system and percentage of full-time faculty with tenure at these institutions, by control and level of institution and selected characteristics of faculty: Selected years, 1993-94 through 2018-19 |
Selected characteristic and academic year |
All insti- tutions |
Public institutions | Nonprofit institutions | For- profit insti- tutions |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 4-year institutions | 2-year | Total | 4-year institutions | 2-year | |||||||||
Total | Doc- toral1 |
Mas- ter's2 |
Other | Total | Doc- toral1 |
Mas- ter's2 |
Other | |||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
Percent of institutions with a tenure system |
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1993-94 | 62.6 | 73.6 | 92.6 | 100.0 | 98.3 | 76.4 | 62.1 | 62.0 | 66.3 | 90.5 | 76.5 | 58.3 | 26.1 | 7.8 |
1999-2000 | 55.0 | 72.8 | 94.6 | 100.0 | 95.5 | 86.3 | 60.3 | 59.0 | 63.4 | 81.2 | 72.6 | 54.9 | 14.0 | 4.0 |
2003-04 | 52.7 | 71.3 | 90.9 | 100.0 | 98.0 | 70.9 | 59.4 | 57.9 | 61.2 | 86.6 | 71.6 | 49.5 | 14.4 | 3.6 |
2005-06 | 50.9 | 71.5 | 90.9 | 99.5 | 98.0 | 71.6 | 59.4 | 56.5 | 59.8 | 85.1 | 67.1 | 49.2 | 11.5 | 2.0 |
2007-08 | 49.5 | 70.7 | 91.0 | 100.0 | 98.6 | 70.1 | 57.4 | 57.5 | 60.2 | 81.3 | 64.2 | 45.4 | 13.0 | 1.4 |
2009-10 |
47.8 | 71.2 | 90.9 | 99.6 | 98.5 | 71.3 | 57.7 | 57.1 | 59.5 | 80.6 | 64.4 | 44.6 | 12.9 | 1.5 |
2011-12 | 45.3 | 71.6 | 90.8 | 99.6 | 98.5 | 70.5 | 57.8 | 55.6 | 58.6 | 79.5 | 64.0 | 42.7 | 8.0 | 1.3 |
2013-14 | 49.3 | 74.6 | 95.8 | 99.6 | 98.1 | 86.6 | 58.9 | 59.7 | 61.8 | 79.6 | 63.2 | 49.0 | 12.5 | 1.2 |
2015-16 | 51.9 | 74.8 | 95.2 | 99.6 | 97.6 | 85.7 | 58.9 | 57.7 | 60.6 | 79.8 | 60.8 | 47.0 | 7.5 | 1.3 |
2016-17 | 54.4 | 74.6 | 94.6 | 99.6 | 97.2 | 85.0 | 58.0 | 58.8 | 61.5 | 79.3 | 61.1 | 48.8 | 9.2 | 1.5 |
2017-18 |
55.1 | 74.7 | 94.6 | 99.6 | 96.8 | 86.2 | 57.7 | 58.3 | 60.6 | 80.2 | 59.4 | 46.9 | 7.8 | 1.6 |
2018-19 | 57.4 | 74.3 | 93.6 | 99.3 | 97.5 | 82.4 | 57.5 | 58.8 | 60.8 | 78.7 | 58.2 | 49.0 | 8.8 | 1.3 |
Faculty with tenure at institutions with a tenure system |
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Percent of all full-time faculty3 |
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1993-94 | 56.2 | 58.9 | 56.3 | 54.5 | 60.5 | 51.1 | 69.9 | 49.5 | 49.5 | 47.6 | 51.8 | 50.4 | 47.9 | 33.8 |
1999-2000 | 53.7 | 55.9 | 53.2 | 50.4 | 59.1 | 54.7 | 67.7 | 48.2 | 48.1 | 43.4 | 52.3 | 53.5 | 59.7 | 77.4 |
2003-04 | 50.4 | 53.0 | 50.2 | 48.9 | 52.9 | 51.2 | 65.2 | 44.6 | 44.6 | 40.1 | 48.7 | 51.9 | 47.7 | 69.2 |
2005-06 | 49.6 | 51.5 | 48.7 | 47.2 | 52.3 | 49.1 | 64.1 | 45.1 | 45.1 | 40.7 | 49.1 | 52.5 | 45.2 | 69.3 |
2007-08 | 48.8 | 50.5 | 47.8 | 45.9 | 52.7 | 49.5 | 63.6 | 44.7 | 44.7 | 41.0 | 50.5 | 53.1 | 41.3 | 51.3 |
2009-10 |
48.7 | 50.6 | 47.8 | 45.7 | 53.6 | 51.3 | 64.1 | 44.3 | 44.3 | 40.4 | 50.5 | 54.1 | 38.5 | 51.0 |
2011-12 | 48.5 | 50.7 | 48.0 | 45.8 | 54.3 | 53.4 | 64.7 | 43.7 | 43.7 | 39.7 | 50.7 | 54.3 | 31.4 | 31.0 |
2013-14 | 48.3 | 50.4 | 47.3 | 44.9 | 55.4 | 52.2 | 67.2 | 43.8 | 43.8 | 39.5 | 51.7 | 55.9 | 31.5 | 19.8 |
2015-16 | 47.2 | 49.3 | 46.6 | 44.2 | 54.7 | 53.5 | 65.0 | 42.8 | 42.8 | 38.6 | 51.6 | 55.6 | 33.9 | 17.0 |
2016-17 | 46.4 | 48.2 | 45.8 | 43.3 | 53.4 | 56.9 | 63.6 | 42.4 | 42.4 | 38.3 | 51.1 | 55.4 | 32.2 | 17.2 |
2017-18 |
45.5 | 47.3 | 44.8 | 42.3 | 52.7 | 56.1 | 63.2 | 41.8 | 41.8 | 37.9 | 50.7 | 55.0 | 27.2 | 17.6 |
2018-19 | 45.1 | 46.9 | 44.5 | 42.2 | 52.8 | 54.7 | 62.8 | 41.4 | 41.4 | 37.6 | 50.0 | 55.2 | 28.9 | 12.8 |
Percent of full-time instructional faculty only |
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2017-18 | ||||||||||||||
Total | 48.0 | 49.7 | 47.4 | 45.5 | 52.9 | 56.1 | 63.2 | 44.4 | 44.4 | 41.2 | 50.7 | 55.0 | 27.2 | 17.6 |
Male | 54.0 | 55.5 | 54.2 | 52.8 | 58.8 | 59.4 | 65.5 | 50.8 | 50.9 | 48.2 | 56.4 | 60.5 | 32.9 | 20.1 |
Female | 40.8 | 42.8 | 39.1 | 35.9 | 46.4 | 52.8 | 61.3 | 36.4 | 36.5 | 32.0 | 44.7 | 49.0 | 24.0 | 15.3 |
Professor |
89.6 | 90.7 | 90.7 | 88.9 | 98.2 | 96.2 | 90.6 | 87.5 | 87.5 | 85.0 | 92.7 | 95.9 | 60.9 | 70.7 |
Male | 90.1 | 91.3 | 91.3 | 89.8 | 98.1 | 96.5 | 91.6 | 87.9 | 87.9 | 85.9 | 92.7 | 95.9 | 77.8 | 74.5 |
Female | 88.5 | 89.5 | 89.4 | 86.5 | 98.3 | 95.7 | 89.8 | 86.6 | 86.6 | 82.7 | 92.8 | 95.9 | 50.0 | 65.7 |
Associate professor |
75.0 | 78.3 | 78.5 | 75.5 | 89.6 | 86.4 | 75.1 | 68.6 | 68.6 | 62.5 | 77.7 | 87.6 | 52.7 | 41.5 |
Male | 75.5 | 79.1 | 79.2 | 76.4 | 89.8 | 86.3 | 77.4 | 68.6 | 68.6 | 63.0 | 77.7 | 86.7 | 71.4 | 37.5 |
Female | 74.3 | 77.3 | 77.8 | 74.3 | 89.4 | 86.5 | 73.3 | 68.6 | 68.7 | 61.8 | 77.8 | 88.6 | 46.3 | 45.5 |
Assistant professor |
5.1 | 6.5 | 3.5 | 1.3 | 8.3 | 21.8 | 43.9 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 5.4 | 2.8 | † | † |
Male | 5.0 | 6.3 | 3.5 | 1.3 | 8.6 | 22.7 | 47.0 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 1.7 | 5.7 | 3.3 | † | † |
Female | 5.2 | 6.8 | 3.6 | 1.4 | 8.0 | 21.0 | 41.7 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 5.2 | 2.4 | † | † |
Instructor |
25.6 | 31.4 | 9.6 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 45.3 | 55.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1.1 | † | 3.6 |
Lecturer | 1.7 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 3.2 | 5.7 | 28.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | ‡ | 1.7 | † | † |
No academic rank | 28.4 | 35.6 | 21.3 | 1.2 | 6.9 | 56.5 | 65.3 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 2.1 | 21.0 | 1.5 | 41.4 | † |
2018-19 |
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Total | 47.5 | 49.2 | 47.0 | 45.2 | 53.0 | 54.7 | 62.8 | 43.9 | 43.9 | 40.8 | 50.0 | 55.2 | 28.9 | 12.8 |
Male | 53.5 | 55.0 | 53.7 | 52.5 | 58.7 | 57.6 | 65.3 | 50.4 | 50.5 | 47.9 | 55.7 | 60.9 | 30.1 | 14.8 |
Female | 40.5 | 42.5 | 38.9 | 35.9 | 46.8 | 51.9 | 60.8 | 36.0 | 36.0 | 31.8 | 44.0 | 49.2 | 28.1 | 10.8 |
Professor |
89.4 | 90.5 | 90.5 | 88.8 | 98.3 | 95.1 | 90.0 | 87.3 | 87.3 | 84.7 | 92.4 | 96.5 | 60.9 | 61.0 |
Male | 90.1 | 91.2 | 91.2 | 89.8 | 98.4 | 95.4 | 91.2 | 87.8 | 87.8 | 85.8 | 92.5 | 96.6 | 75.0 | 70.6 |
Female | 88.0 | 89.0 | 89.0 | 86.3 | 98.2 | 94.6 | 89.0 | 86.1 | 86.1 | 82.2 | 92.1 | 96.2 | 53.3 | 48.0 |
Associate professor |
74.5 | 77.8 | 78.0 | 75.2 | 89.5 | 84.7 | 74.7 | 68.2 | 68.2 | 62.1 | 77.8 | 88.0 | 56.9 | 49.1 |
Male | 75.3 | 78.8 | 78.9 | 76.4 | 89.6 | 85.4 | 76.8 | 68.4 | 68.4 | 62.8 | 78.4 | 86.7 | 66.7 | 42.3 |
Female | 73.6 | 76.5 | 76.9 | 73.6 | 89.3 | 83.9 | 73.0 | 68.0 | 68.0 | 61.2 | 77.2 | 89.5 | 53.5 | 55.6 |
Assistant professor |
4.9 | 6.3 | 3.3 | 1.3 | 7.8 | 21.3 | 44.8 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 4.9 | 3.3 | † | † |
Male | 4.7 | 6.0 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 7.9 | 22.5 | 47.6 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 5.0 | 3.9 | † | † |
Female | 5.0 | 6.6 | 3.4 | 1.4 | 7.7 | 20.2 | 42.7 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 4.9 | 2.8 | † | † |
Instructor |
24.9 | 30.7 | 9.1 | 0.6 | 2.4 | 41.5 | 54.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 1.5 | † | 2.3 |
Lecturer | 1.7 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 3.7 | 5.6 | 28.9 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ‡ | 1.1 | † | † |
No academic rank | 28.3 | 35.4 | 21.0 | 1.2 | 3.6 | 56.6 | 68.2 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 1.6 | 24.2 | 1.5 | 48.3 | † |
†Not applicable. | ||||||||||||||
‡Reporting standards not met (too few cases). | ||||||||||||||
1 Institutions that awarded 20 or more doctor's degrees during the previous academic year. | ||||||||||||||
2 Institutions that awarded 20 or more master's degrees, but less than 20 doctor's degrees, during the previous academic year. | ||||||||||||||
3 Includes instructional, research, and public service faculty. | ||||||||||||||
NOTE: Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Data include imputations for nonrespondent institutions. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. | ||||||||||||||
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), "Fall Staff Survey" (IPEDS-S:93-99); and IPEDS Winter 2003-04 through Winter 2011-12 and Spring 2014 through Spring 2019, Human Resources component, Fall Staff section. (This table was prepared November 2019.) |