Table 316.80.

Percentage of degree-granting postsecondary institutions with a tenure system and of full-time faculty with tenure at these institutions, by control and level of institution and selected characteristics of faculty: Selected years, 1993-94 through 2017-18

Selected characteristic and academic year	All insti-tutions	Public institutions						Nonprofit institutions						For-profit institutions
		Total	4-year institutions				2-year	Total	4-year institutions				2-year
			Total	Doc-toral1	Mas- ter's2	Other			Total	Doc-toral1	Mas- ter's2	Other
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
Percent of institutions with a    tenure system
1993-94	62.6	73.6	92.6	100.0	98.3	76.4	62.1	62.0	66.3	90.5	76.5	58.3	26.1	7.8
1999-2000	55.0	72.8	94.6	100.0	95.5	86.3	60.3	59.0	63.4	81.2	72.6	54.9	14.0	4.0
2003-04	52.7	71.3	90.9	100.0	98.0	70.9	59.4	57.9	61.2	86.6	71.6	49.5	14.4	3.6
2005-06	50.9	71.5	90.9	99.5	98.0	71.6	59.4	56.5	59.8	85.1	67.1	49.2	11.5	2.0
2007-08	49.5	70.7	91.0	100.0	98.6	70.1	57.4	57.5	60.2	81.3	64.2	45.4	13.0	1.4
2009-10	47.8	71.2	90.9	99.6	98.5	71.3	57.7	57.1	59.5	80.6	64.4	44.6	12.9	1.5
2011-12	45.3	71.6	90.8	99.6	98.5	70.5	57.8	55.6	58.6	79.5	64.0	42.7	8.0	1.3
2013-14	49.3	74.6	95.8	99.6	98.1	86.6	58.9	59.7	61.8	79.6	63.2	49.0	12.5	1.2
2015-16	51.9	74.8	95.2	99.6	97.6	85.7	58.9	57.7	60.6	79.8	60.8	47.0	7.5	1.3
2016-17	54.4	74.6	94.6	99.6	97.2	85.0	58.0	58.8	61.5	79.3	61.1	48.8	9.2	1.5
2017-18	55.1	74.7	94.5	99.6	96.8	85.7	57.7	58.3	60.6	80.2	59.4	46.9	7.8	1.6
Faculty with tenure at institutions    with a tenure system
Percent of all full-time faculty3
1993-94	56.2	58.9	56.3	54.5	60.5	51.1	69.9	49.5	49.5	47.6	51.8	50.4	47.9	33.8
1999-2000	53.7	55.9	53.2	50.4	59.1	54.7	67.7	48.2	48.1	43.4	52.3	53.5	59.7	77.4
2003-04	50.4	53.0	50.2	48.9	52.9	51.2	65.2	44.6	44.6	40.1	48.7	51.9	47.7	69.2
2005-06	49.6	51.5	48.7	47.2	52.3	49.1	64.1	45.1	45.1	40.7	49.1	52.5	45.2	69.3
2007-08	48.8	50.5	47.8	45.9	52.7	49.5	63.6	44.7	44.7	41.0	50.5	53.1	41.3	51.3
2009-10	48.7	50.6	47.8	45.7	53.6	51.3	64.1	44.3	44.3	40.4	50.5	54.1	38.5	51.0
2011-12	48.5	50.7	48.0	45.8	54.3	53.4	64.7	43.7	43.7	39.7	50.7	54.3	31.4	31.0
2013-14	48.3	50.4	47.3	44.9	55.4	52.2	67.2	43.8	43.8	39.5	51.7	55.9	31.5	19.8
2015-16	47.2	49.3	46.6	44.2	54.7	53.5	65.0	42.8	42.8	38.6	51.6	55.6	33.9	17.0
2016-17	46.4	48.2	45.8	43.3	53.4	56.9	63.6	42.4	42.4	38.3	51.1	55.4	32.2	17.2
2017-18	45.6	47.3	44.9	42.4	52.7	56.1	63.2	41.8	41.8	37.9	50.7	55.0	27.2	17.6
Percent of full-time    instructional faculty only
2016-17
Total	48.8	50.7	48.5	46.6	53.6	56.9	63.6	44.9	44.9	41.6	51.1	55.5	32.2	17.2
Male	54.7	56.4	55.1	53.8	59.4	60.3	65.7	51.2	51.3	48.5	56.8	60.9	37.2	20.0
Female	41.7	43.9	40.0	36.9	47.1	53.8	61.8	36.9	37.0	32.2	45.0	49.5	29.4	14.8
Professor	90.2	91.4	91.5	89.9	98.1	96.4	90.8	87.8	87.8	85.2	93.0	96.0	78.8	62.2
Male	90.7	92.0	92.0	90.7	98.1	96.7	92.0	88.2	88.2	86.1	93.0	95.9	84.6	71.1
Female	89.1	90.2	90.3	87.8	97.9	95.9	89.8	86.9	86.9	82.9	92.9	96.3	75.0	51.4
Associate professor	75.8	79.4	79.7	76.8	90.0	87.4	75.4	69.1	69.1	62.8	77.8	87.6	54.7	41.6
Male	76.2	79.9	80.1	77.5	90.0	88.0	77.1	68.9	68.9	63.1	77.7	86.9	75.0	34.3
Female	75.4	78.6	79.1	75.9	89.9	86.7	74.1	69.3	69.4	62.3	77.8	88.3	47.9	47.6
Assistant professor	5.5	7.1	4.0	1.7	8.9	23.3	44.1	2.6	2.6	1.6	5.5	3.9	9.8	‡
Male	5.4	6.7	3.8	1.6	9.0	24.0	47.1	2.9	2.8	1.8	5.8	4.5	11.5	‡
Female	5.7	7.5	4.2	1.8	8.7	22.8	41.9	2.4	2.4	1.3	5.2	3.3	8.6	†
Instructor	26.4	32.4	8.4	0.5	2.0	41.3	56.7	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.8	†	3.4
Lecturer	1.8	2.3	1.7	1.1	3.5	8.3	25.9	0.2	0.2	0.1	‡	1.5	†	†
No academic rank	29.4	36.9	22.0	1.9	2.6	59.5	65.8	4.8	4.6	1.9	22.0	1.8	34.5	†
2017-18
Total	48.0	49.7	47.5	45.5	52.9	56.1	63.2	44.4	44.4	41.2	50.7	55.0	27.2	17.6
Male	54.0	55.6	54.2	52.8	58.8	59.5	65.5	50.8	50.8	48.2	56.4	60.5	32.9	20.1
Female	40.9	42.9	39.2	36.0	46.4	52.8	61.3	36.4	36.4	32.0	44.7	49.0	24.0	15.3
Professor	89.7	90.9	90.9	89.1	98.2	96.2	90.6	87.5	87.5	85.0	92.7	95.9	60.9	70.7
Male	90.2	91.4	91.4	90.0	98.1	96.5	91.6	87.9	87.9	85.9	92.7	95.8	77.8	74.5
Female	88.6	89.7	89.6	86.8	98.3	95.7	89.8	86.6	86.6	82.7	92.8	95.9	50.0	65.7
Associate professor	75.0	78.4	78.6	75.6	89.6	86.4	75.1	68.6	68.6	62.5	77.7	87.6	52.7	41.5
Male	75.5	79.1	79.2	76.4	89.8	86.3	77.4	68.6	68.6	63.0	77.7	86.7	71.4	37.5
Female	74.4	77.4	77.9	74.4	89.4	86.5	73.4	68.6	68.7	61.8	77.8	88.6	46.3	45.5
Assistant professor	5.1	6.5	3.5	1.3	8.3	21.9	44.0	2.5	2.5	1.7	5.4	2.8	†	†
Male	5.0	6.3	3.5	1.3	8.6	22.8	47.0	2.6	2.6	1.7	5.7	3.3	†	†
Female	5.2	6.8	3.6	1.4	8.0	21.1	41.7	2.4	2.4	1.6	5.2	2.4	†	†
Instructor	25.6	31.3	9.5	0.6	1.5	45.3	55.5	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.4	1.1	†	3.6
Lecturer	1.7	2.2	1.6	1.0	3.2	5.7	28.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	‡	1.7	†	†
No academic rank	28.4	35.6	21.3	1.2	6.9	56.6	65.3	4.8	4.6	2.1	21.0	1.5	41.4	†

†Not applicable.

‡Reporting standards not met (too few cases).

1 Institutions that awarded 20 or more doctor's degrees during the previous academic year.

2 Institutions that awarded 20 or more master's degrees, but less than 20 doctor's degrees, during the previous academic year.

3 Includes instructional, research, and public service faculty.

NOTE: Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Data include imputations for nonrespondent institutions. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), "Fall Staff Survey" (IPEDS-S:93-99); and IPEDS Winter 2003-04 through Winter 2011-12 and Spring 2014 through Spring 2018, Human Resources component, Fall Staff section. (This table was prepared November 2018.)