Table 212.10.

Highest degree, average years of experience, and salaries of principals in public and private elementary and secondary schools, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 1993-94 through 2015-16

[Standard errors appear in parentheses]
Selected characteristic	Percentage distribution by highest degree earned												Average years of experience																		Average annual salary in constant 2017-18 dollars1
	Bachelor's or less			Master's			Education specialist2			Doctor's and first- professional			As a principal															Prior teaching experience, 2015-16			1993-94			2003-04			2007-08			2011-12			2015-16
													1993-94			2003-04			2007-08			2011-12			2015-16
1	2			3			4			5			6			7			8			9			10			11			12			13			14			15			16
Public schools	2015-16
Total	2.2		(0.23)	61.3		(0.73)	26.6		(0.62)	9.9		(0.46)	8.7		(0.10)	7.8		(0.10)	7.5		(0.14)	7.2		(0.09)	6.6		(0.09)	11.5		(0.09)	$93,090		(215)	$100,670		(247)	$100,500		(449)	$98,690		(271)	$99,670		(308)
Sex
Males	2.0		(0.33)	65.5		(0.96)	23.9		(0.88)	8.6		(0.61)	10.3		(0.16)	9.1		(0.16)	8.2		(0.20)	7.7		(0.12)	7.0		(0.13)	10.3		(0.12)	93,200		(272)	100,840		(387)	100,910		(779)	99,470		(476)	100,900		(457)
Females	2.4		(0.32)	57.7		(1.06)	28.8		(0.94)	11.0		(0.65)	5.6		(0.12)	6.3		(0.13)	6.8		(0.19)	6.6		(0.15)	6.2		(0.12)	12.6		(0.13)	92,890		(468)	100,480		(445)	100,090		(731)	97,950		(519)	98,640		(463)
Race/ethnicity
White	2.3		(0.27)	61.6		(0.81)	27.9		(0.73)	8.2		(0.46)	9.0		(0.12)	8.0		(0.12)	7.8		(0.17)	7.3		(0.10)	6.8		(0.11)	11.7		(0.10)	92,430		(234)	100,110		(295)	99,430		(515)	98,060		(348)	98,750		(345)
Black	2.2		(0.60)	49.7		(2.13)	28.8		(2.00)	19.3		(1.89)	7.1		(0.21)	6.9		(0.33)	6.2		(0.38)	6.2		(0.30)	6.0		(0.23)	10.9		(0.27)	97,860		(771)	103,150		(887)	102,950		(1,519)	100,780		(1,245)	101,510		(1,135)
Hispanic	2.0	!	(0.66)	71.8		(2.47)	15.3		(1.95)	10.9		(1.60)	6.3		(0.37)	6.1		(0.43)	6.5		(0.62)	6.1		(0.42)	5.5		(0.28)	10.8		(0.32)	94,800		(1,355)	105,930		(1,825)	108,920		(3,111)	102,140		(1,540)	103,950		(1,259)
Asian	‡		(†)	60.6		(7.27)	12.2	!	(4.05)	23.8		(6.00)	6.0	3	(0.60)	6.8		(1.17)	6.3		(0.97)	7.7		(1.13)	6.5		(0.90)	10.7		(0.77)	100,880	3	(2,419)	110,190		(2,229)	121,240		(7,816)	111,800		(4,646)	115,080		(3,110)
Pacific Islander	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	—		(†)	—		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	—		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)
American Indian/ Alaska Native	‡		(†)	72.2		(8.76)	18.4	!	(6.70)	‡		(†)	12.6		(0.67)	6.9		(0.63)	6.4		(1.30)	9.2		(1.67)	8.2		(1.06)	11.5		(1.32)	86,740		(2,942)	82,680		(2,837)	89,810		(3,864)	87,820		(4,087)	102,190		(7,222)
Two or more races	‡		(†)	61.9		(6.85)	27.2		(5.90)	10.8	!	(3.90)	—		(†)	5.6		(1.12)	5.8		(1.50)	7.8		(0.77)	5.1		(0.64)	12.8		(0.95)	—		(†)	101,070		(5,022)	95,730		(6,593)	99,940		(3,956)	97,480		(3,117)
Age
Under 40	3.3		(0.59)	66.1		(1.67)	23.2		(1.53)	7.4		(0.90)	2.8		(0.13)	2.4		(0.10)	2.9		(0.14)	3.0		(0.10)	2.5		(0.07)	7.6		(0.11)	78,980		(803)	91,760		(726)	93,170		(1,061)	93,520		(762)	91,670		(765)
40 to 44	2.0		(0.47)	61.9		(1.49)	27.5		(1.28)	8.6		(0.85)	5.0		(0.12)	4.5		(0.18)	4.8		(0.22)	4.8		(0.13)	4.5		(0.11)	9.9		(0.14)	88,310		(655)	96,410		(883)	98,160		(1,309)	96,060		(708)	98,870		(644)
45 to 49	1.9		(0.51)	60.6		(1.57)	27.3		(1.37)	10.3		(0.96)	7.1		(0.13)	6.1		(0.16)	6.1		(0.26)	6.5		(0.18)	6.4		(0.15)	11.7		(0.19)	94,050		(442)	97,710		(703)	99,450		(1,126)	97,950		(934)	101,100		(770)
50 to 54	1.8		(0.54)	60.3		(1.90)	27.7		(1.74)	10.2		(1.11)	10.3		(0.18)	8.7		(0.19)	8.2		(0.28)	8.1		(0.24)	7.9		(0.23)	13.4		(0.23)	95,980		(618)	102,740		(582)	101,800		(1,081)	99,850		(972)	102,280		(938)
55 or over	2.2		(0.56)	57.9		(1.56)	27.2		(1.34)	12.8		(1.02)	15.1		(0.35)	11.9		(0.23)	11.8		(0.29)	11.8		(0.22)	11.2		(0.25)	15.0		(0.22)	98,130		(840)	106,790		(635)	105,730		(1,094)	104,150		(659)	104,070		(840)
School level
Elementary	2.1		(0.27)	61.3		(0.89)	26.9		(0.83)	9.7		(0.58)	8.9		(0.14)	7.9		(0.13)	7.7		(0.17)	7.2		(0.13)	6.6		(0.12)	11.6		(0.11)	91,910		(286)	100,530		(299)	99,900		(573)	97,670		(330)	99,110		(400)
Secondary	2.3		(0.48)	61.6		(1.48)	24.7		(1.28)	11.4		(0.88)	8.0		(0.12)	7.5		(0.19)	7.1		(0.19)	7.1		(0.15)	6.4		(0.16)	11.0		(0.16)	96,050		(284)	105,820		(589)	105,790		(824)	105,010		(666)	105,180		(757)
Combined	3.6		(0.95)	59.9		(1.98)	28.6		(1.89)	7.9		(1.09)	7.5		(0.29)	7.4		(0.36)	7.1		(0.43)	7.1		(0.29)	7.0		(0.29)	12.1		(0.28)	89,640		(866)	86,210		(821)	88,800		(1,451)	90,430		(1,463)	90,100		(1,360)
School locale
City	2.6		(0.39)	62.0		(1.26)	23.6		(1.10)	11.9		(0.93)	—		(†)	7.3		(0.17)	7.0		(0.25)	6.8		(0.21)	6.4		(0.17)	11.6		(0.17)	—		(†)	106,930		(502)	106,890		(871)	104,540		(617)	104,750		(620)
Suburban	1.7		(0.32)	60.1		(1.32)	26.0		(1.27)	12.2		(0.93)	—		(†)	7.9		(0.23)	7.7		(0.28)	7.3		(0.21)	6.6		(0.16)	11.0		(0.16)	—		(†)	113,840		(630)	113,600		(1,082)	110,780		(501)	110,060		(604)
Town	3.3		(0.75)	61.1		(1.71)	28.5		(1.51)	7.2		(0.98)	—		(†)	8.1		(0.28)	7.8		(0.34)	7.3		(0.24)	6.6		(0.22)	11.7		(0.23)	—		(†)	91,930		(671)	90,860		(833)	90,380		(604)	90,300		(716)
Rural	2.1		(0.59)	62.1		(1.35)	29.3		(1.18)	6.5		(0.66)	—		(†)	7.9		(0.22)	7.5		(0.27)	7.3		(0.15)	6.6		(0.18)	12.1		(0.17)	—		(†)	86,650		(469)	88,730		(770)	87,470		(391)	86,760		(644)
Private schools	2011-12
Total	31.0		(1.73)	49.7		(1.49)	10.1		(0.80)	9.1		(0.87)	8.8		(0.20)	10.0		(0.24)	10.0		(0.22)	10.8		(0.31)	—		(†)	—		(†)	$54,430		(617)	$66,910		(814)	$67,370		(939)	$71,180		(1,267)	—		(†)
Sex
Males	32.7		(2.87)	45.9		(2.41)	8.8		(1.24)	12.6		(1.62)	9.0		(0.26)	11.0		(0.35)	10.6		(0.37)	11.4		(0.43)	—		(†)	—		(†)	60,410		(958)	73,860		(1,337)	73,790		(1,582)	80,590		(2,696)	—		(†)
Females	29.7		(1.93)	52.9		(1.84)	11.2		(1.10)	6.2		(0.81)	8.6		(0.27)	9.2		(0.28)	9.5		(0.26)	10.4		(0.41)	—		(†)	—		(†)	49,530		(1,031)	61,690		(1,124)	62,110		(1,128)	64,430		(1,372)	—		(†)
Race/ethnicity
White	31.5		(1.81)	49.2		(1.61)	10.0		(0.79)	9.2		(0.94)	8.7		(0.22)	10.3		(0.24)	10.4		(0.25)	10.9		(0.31)	—		(†)	—		(†)	54,250		(680)	67,460		(805)	68,810		(1,028)	72,300		(1,458)	—		(†)
Black	24.0		(5.62)	50.5		(5.71)	12.4		(3.67)	13.0	!	(4.43)	8.3		(1.04)	7.1		(1.08)	7.1		(0.90)	11.3		(1.12)	—		(†)	—		(†)	58,350		(4,202)	59,080		(4,615)	57,890		(2,518)	63,640		(5,175)	—		(†)
Hispanic	41.1		(7.82)	43.1		(6.95)	10.7	!	(5.11)	‡		(†)	10.1		(1.43)	6.6		(1.29)	7.8		(0.87)	9.2		(0.93)	—		(†)	—		(†)	53,200		(3,322)	64,020		(5,253)	56,450		(3,862)	67,580		(6,542)	—		(†)
Age
Under 40	53.7		(4.95)	36.4		(4.27)	4.8	!	(1.59)	5.1		(1.23)	3.5		(0.22)	2.9		(0.20)	3.0		(0.22)	3.3		(0.36)	—		(†)	—		(†)	44,640		(1,475)	54,570		(2,109)	54,700		(1,622)	53,430		(2,005)	—		(†)
40 to 44	35.4		(6.03)	47.0		(5.24)	10.6		(2.46)	‡		(†)	5.3		(0.24)	5.4		(0.38)	5.3		(0.35)	5.9		(0.56)	—		(†)	—		(†)	51,730		(1,575)	58,170		(2,293)	63,300		(3,136)	73,300		(7,728)	—		(†)
45 to 49	35.3		(5.89)	47.3		(4.78)	9.9		(2.36)	7.5	!	(2.32)	8.3		(0.27)	7.6		(0.28)	6.2		(0.38)	6.6		(0.50)	—		(†)	—		(†)	58,790		(1,249)	68,880		(1,956)	63,590		(2,414)	72,400		(4,093)	—		(†)
50 to 54	27.3		(3.71)	54.2		(3.78)	7.6		(1.88)	10.9	!	(3.33)	9.6		(0.34)	10.1		(0.35)	9.0		(0.45)	9.7		(0.59)	—		(†)	—		(†)	64,020		(1,694)	69,890		(2,090)	68,820		(2,143)	74,830		(3,980)	—		(†)
55 or over	21.9		(1.80)	54.5		(1.71)	12.7		(1.20)	10.9		(1.22)	14.8		(0.40)	15.2		(0.40)	15.4		(0.43)	16.1		(0.44)	—		(†)	—		(†)	53,930		(1,285)	72,000		(1,478)	73,670		(1,680)	74,750		(2,067)	—		(†)
School level
Elementary	34.8		(2.23)	50.3		(1.92)	9.2		(1.06)	5.7		(0.80)	9.4		(0.27)	9.9		(0.30)	9.9		(0.30)	10.6		(0.39)	—		(†)	—		(†)	48,840		(754)	63,000		(897)	64,990		(1,137)	65,910		(1,266)	—		(†)
Secondary	9.1		(2.19)	57.1		(4.60)	15.4		(2.71)	18.3		(4.83)	7.8		(0.36)	9.3		(0.77)	9.9		(0.58)	11.0		(0.89)	—		(†)	—		(†)	74,130		(1,331)	86,680		(3,457)	88,020		(2,780)	92,540		(7,563)	—		(†)
Combined	31.5		(2.43)	46.6		(2.33)	10.0		(1.65)	11.9		(1.42)	8.0		(0.34)	10.3		(0.39)	10.2		(0.44)	11.2		(0.57)	—		(†)	—		(†)	57,080		(1,884)	68,770		(2,022)	64,520		(1,732)	72,960		(2,502)	—		(†)
School locale
City	20.9		(2.16)	56.7		(2.60)	10.1		(1.39)	12.3		(2.05)	—		(†)	—		(†)	10.8		(0.38)	11.0		(0.53)	—		(†)	—		(†)	—		(†)	—		(†)	76,100		(1,518)	79,000		(2,281)	—		(†)
Suburban	26.3		(2.27)	52.4		(2.20)	11.1		(1.34)	10.2		(1.94)	—		(†)	—		(†)	10.5		(0.36)	11.8		(0.49)	—		(†)	—		(†)	—		(†)	—		(†)	72,180		(1,667)	74,190		(2,669)	—		(†)
Town	38.2		(5.31)	47.6		(5.43)	9.5	!	(3.17)	4.8	!	(2.19)	—		(†)	—		(†)	9.4		(0.80)	10.2		(1.00)	—		(†)	—		(†)	—		(†)	—		(†)	51,890		(2,520)	49,170		(2,499)	—		(†)
Rural	47.7		(3.97)	37.8		(3.29)	9.3		(1.77)	5.1		(1.18)	—		(†)	—		(†)	8.1		(0.53)	9.7		(0.76)	—		(†)	—		(†)	—		(†)	—		(†)	50,230		(1,924)	63,220		(2,958)	—		(†)

—Not available.

†Not applicable.

!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent.

‡Reporting standards not met (too few cases for a reliable estimate).

1 Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis. Excludes principals reporting a salary of $0.

2 Education specialist degrees or certificates are generally awarded for 1 year's work beyond the master's level. Includes certificate of advanced graduate studies.

3 Data include Pacific Islanders.

NOTE: Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding and cell suppression.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS), "Public School Principal Data File" and "Private School Principal Data File," 1993-94, 2003-04, 2007-08, and 2011-12; and National Teacher and Principal Survey (NTPS), "Public School Principal Data File," 2015-16. (This table was prepared September 2018.)