Table 202.35

Percentage distribution of 4- and 5-year-old children who are not yet in kindergarten, by type of child care arrangement and selected characteristics: Selected years, 1995 through 2016

[Standard errors appear in parentheses]
Year and selected characteristic	Percentage distribution of all 4- and 5-year olds not yet in kindergarten			Percentage distribution by type of child care arrangement
				Total, children with all types of care		Children with parental care only			Children with nonparental care
									Total, children with any nonparental care			Primary arrangement1									Multiple arrangements2
												Center-based care3			Nonrelative care			Relative care
1	2			3		4			5			6			7			8			9
1995
Total	100.0		(†)	100.0	(†)	21.7		(1.09)	78.3		(1.09)	55.1		(1.08)	11.0		(0.86)	10.8		(0.70)	1.4	!	(0.48)
Race/ethnicity
White	69.2		(1.09)	100.0	(†)	20.9		(1.27)	79.1		(1.27)	55.0		(1.38)	12.7		(1.02)	10.0		(0.75)	1.4	!	(0.48)
Black	14.8		(0.79)	100.0	(†)	15.8		(3.24)	84.2		(3.24)	59.7		(4.21)	7.8		(1.71)	14.2		(2.82)	‡		(†)
Hispanic	10.8		(0.53)	100.0	(†)	33.7		(2.55)	66.3		(2.55)	44.3		(2.69)	6.6		(1.72)	14.7		(1.86)	‡		(†)
Asian/Pacific Islander	2.4		(0.36)	100.0	(†)	15.5	!	(5.61)	84.5		(5.61)	73.7		(7.32)	‡		(†)	7.1	!	(3.49)	‡		(†)
American Indian/Alaska Native	0.8	!	(0.24)	100.0	(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)
Two or more races	2.1		(0.38)	100.0	(†)	30.0		(7.80)	70.0		(7.80)	54.1		(8.97)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)
Poverty status4
Poor	25.9		(1.11)	100.0	(†)	28.4		(3.03)	71.6		(3.03)	51.4		(3.10)	5.8		(1.18)	11.8		(1.94)	‡		(†)
Near-poor	22.5		(1.11)	100.0	(†)	32.1		(2.52)	67.9		(2.52)	45.4		(2.73)	9.4		(1.27)	12.3		(1.59)	0.8	!	(0.38)
Nonpoor	51.7		(1.28)	100.0	(†)	13.8		(1.16)	86.2		(1.16)	61.0		(1.72)	14.3		(1.25)	9.7		(0.93)	1.2		(0.33)
Mother's highest education5
Less than high school	12.3		(0.97)	100.0	(†)	40.2		(3.32)	59.8		(3.32)	41.2		(3.88)	5.7		(1.69)	11.6		(2.61)	‡		(†)
High school/GED	35.3		(1.31)	100.0	(†)	26.2		(2.11)	73.8		(2.11)	50.0		(2.07)	9.5		(1.15)	12.1		(0.94)	2.2	!	(0.93)
Vocational/technical      or some college	21.7		(1.10)	100.0	(†)	18.9		(2.16)	81.1		(2.16)	57.5		(1.85)	11.1		(1.64)	12.1		(1.87)	‡		(†)
Associate's degree	7.8		(0.68)	100.0	(†)	17.4		(2.87)	82.6		(2.87)	57.7		(4.30)	13.5		(3.15)	10.6		(2.74)	‡		(†)
Bachelor's degree	16.4		(0.86)	100.0	(†)	11.6		(2.04)	88.4		(2.04)	66.4		(3.00)	12.4		(2.22)	7.6		(1.51)	2.0	!	(0.78)
Graduate/professional degree	6.5		(0.55)	100.0	(†)	2.4	!	(1.17)	97.6		(1.17)	‡		(†)	20.9		(4.41)	5.9	!	(2.12)	‡		(†)
2001
Total	100.0		(†)	100.0	(†)	20.5		(1.00)	79.5		(1.00)	56.2		(1.17)	9.6		(0.72)	12.1		(0.95)	1.6		(0.40)
2005
Total	100.0		(†)	100.0	(†)	21.1		(1.37)	78.9		(1.37)	59.2		(1.34)	5.5		(0.89)	12.0		(1.16)	2.2		(0.44)
Race/ethnicity
White	57.9		(1.14)	100.0	(†)	19.3		(1.69)	80.7		(1.69)	60.2		(1.86)	7.3		(1.29)	10.7		(1.20)	2.4		(0.51)
Black	14.1		(1.02)	100.0	(†)	13.8		(3.72)	86.2		(3.72)	66.1		(4.75)	2.6	!	(1.14)	15.7	!	(4.72)	1.8	!	(0.86)
Hispanic	19.1		(0.94)	100.0	(†)	32.6		(2.91)	67.4		(2.91)	49.7		(3.00)	3.2		(0.80)	13.6		(2.22)	0.9	!	(0.40)
Asian/Pacific Islander	3.0		(0.58)	100.0	(†)	14.1	!	(5.99)	85.9		(5.99)	70.9		(9.01)	3.8	!	(1.85)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)
Asian	3.0		(0.57)	100.0	(†)	14.3	!	(6.06)	85.7		(6.06)	71.6		(8.84)	3.9	!	(1.87)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)
Pacific Islander	‡		(†)	100.0	(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)
American Indian/Alaska Native	0.4	!	(0.18)	100.0	(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)
Two or more races	5.5		(0.64)	100.0	(†)	19.5	!	(5.94)	80.5		(5.94)	57.8		(7.03)	2.9	!	(1.37)	13.0	!	(4.75)	‡		(†)
Poverty status4
Poor	22.2		(1.15)	100.0	(†)	25.8		(3.40)	74.2		(3.40)	51.8		(3.98)	4.7	!	(2.14)	16.0		(3.18)	‡		(†)
Near-poor	25.9		(1.48)	100.0	(†)	29.7		(2.77)	70.3		(2.77)	48.4		(3.21)	3.0		(0.75)	15.1		(2.98)	3.8		(1.07)
Nonpoor	51.9		(1.42)	100.0	(†)	14.7		(1.60)	85.3		(1.60)	67.7		(1.96)	7.1		(1.26)	8.8		(1.12)	1.7		(0.38)
Mother's highest education5
Less than high school	9.3		(0.89)	100.0	(†)	36.2		(4.03)	63.8		(4.03)	50.6		(3.84)	‡		(†)	9.6	!	(3.27)	‡		(†)
High school/GED	31.6		(1.61)	100.0	(†)	27.4		(3.35)	72.6		(3.35)	48.4		(3.15)	5.2	!	(1.64)	15.9		(2.42)	3.0	!	(0.94)
Vocational/technical       or some college	20.7		(1.44)	100.0	(†)	22.5		(2.94)	77.5		(2.94)	57.1		(3.02)	5.1		(1.48)	13.9		(2.62)	1.5	!	(0.66)
Associate's degree	7.4		(0.68)	100.0	(†)	14.7		(3.87)	85.3		(3.87)	65.7		(5.07)	9.5		(2.63)	6.5	!	(2.68)	3.5	!	(1.73)
Bachelor's degree	21.5		(1.07)	100.0	(†)	13.0		(2.18)	87.0		(2.18)	70.7		(2.67)	5.9		(1.46)	9.1		(1.84)	1.3	!	(0.52)
Graduate/professional degree	9.5		(0.71)	100.0	(†)	7.4		(2.04)	92.6		(2.04)	76.1		(3.92)	6.5	!	(2.35)	8.0	!	(2.92)	2.0	!	(0.92)
2012
Total	100.0		(†)	100.0	(†)	19.5		(1.43)	80.5		(1.43)	58.4		(1.32)	7.2		(0.72)	13.0		(0.96)	1.9		(0.33)
Race/ethnicity
White	50.6		(1.50)	100.0	(†)	18.5		(1.83)	81.5		(1.83)	58.5		(1.82)	9.7		(1.19)	11.3		(1.14)	1.9		(0.44)
Black	14.6		(1.05)	100.0	(†)	15.3		(3.50)	84.7		(3.50)	65.3		(4.10)	2.4	!	(0.93)	16.3		(3.17)	‡		(†)
Hispanic	23.9		(1.26)	100.0	(†)	24.3		(3.38)	75.7		(3.38)	52.9		(3.60)	5.5		(1.47)	14.4		(2.36)	2.9	!	(1.04)
Asian/Pacific Islander	5.1		(0.56)	100.0	(†)	19.6		(5.04)	80.4		(5.04)	67.7		(5.43)	‡		(†)	9.3	!	(3.56)	‡		(†)
Asian	4.5		(0.50)	100.0	(†)	17.7		(5.06)	82.3		(5.06)	70.6		(5.44)	‡		(†)	7.8	!	(3.09)	‡		(†)
Pacific Islander	0.7	!	(0.27)	100.0	(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)
American Indian/Alaska Native	0.6	!	(0.28)	100.0	(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)
Two or more races	5.2		(0.64)	100.0	(†)	20.8		(5.92)	79.2		(5.92)	55.2		(6.33)	4.8	!	(1.76)	16.9	!	(5.31)	‡		(†)
Poverty status4
Poor	22.9		(1.22)	100.0	(†)	29.0		(2.87)	71.0		(2.87)	49.4		(3.05)	5.2	!	(1.67)	14.9		(2.19)	1.5	!	(0.54)
Near-poor	23.6		(1.28)	100.0	(†)	23.9		(2.66)	76.1		(2.66)	51.4		(3.04)	5.9		(1.46)	15.6		(2.78)	3.2	!	(1.09)
Nonpoor	53.5		(1.30)	100.0	(†)	13.5		(1.96)	86.5		(1.96)	65.4		(1.88)	8.6		(1.04)	11.0		(1.37)	1.5		(0.37)
Mother's highest education5
Less than high school	17.0		(1.45)	100.0	(†)	34.9		(5.45)	65.1		(5.45)	45.6		(5.67)	‡		(†)	12.9		(3.07)	‡		(†)
High school/GED	21.3		(1.17)	100.0	(†)	23.5		(3.23)	76.5		(3.23)	51.9		(3.68)	7.9		(1.98)	16.4		(2.63)	‡		(†)
Vocational/technical       or some college	21.7		(1.28)	100.0	(†)	22.2		(2.24)	77.8		(2.24)	54.5		(2.88)	6.4		(1.34)	14.7		(2.14)	2.2		(0.61)
Associate's degree	8.1		(0.84)	100.0	(†)	15.0		(3.11)	85.0		(3.11)	63.4		(4.02)	7.3	!	(2.24)	9.7		(2.45)	4.6	!	(1.72)
Bachelor's degree	23.1		(1.04)	100.0	(†)	8.9		(1.51)	91.1		(1.51)	68.8		(2.38)	9.6		(1.54)	10.8		(1.86)	1.9	!	(0.70)
Graduate/professional degree	8.8		(0.56)	100.0	(†)	4.3	!	(1.61)	95.7		(1.61)	77.2		(3.08)	10.3		(2.03)	5.4		(1.48)	‡		(†)
2016
Total	100.0		(†)	100.0	(†)	23.7		(2.12)	76.3		(2.12)	55.3		(2.06)	6.3		(0.71)	12.5		(1.25)	2.3		(0.44)
Race/ethnicity
White	48.4		(1.79)	100.0	(†)	21.9		(2.85)	78.1		(2.85)	57.5		(2.59)	7.1		(0.79)	11.1		(1.57)	2.4		(0.59)
Black	14.1		(1.30)	100.0	(†)	14.0		(3.89)	86.0		(3.89)	57.8		(5.42)	4.8	!	(2.07)	20.1		(4.50)	‡		(†)
Hispanic	26.6		(1.53)	100.0	(†)	30.3		(5.25)	69.7		(5.25)	48.4		(4.79)	6.1	!	(1.86)	12.8		(2.60)	2.4	!	(0.88)
Asian/Pacific Islander	4.8		(0.83)	100.0	(†)	30.6	!	(12.10)	69.4		(12.10)	52.0		(9.47)	‡		(†)	13.7	!	(4.62)	‡		(†)
Asian	4.6		(0.83)	100.0	(†)	31.6	!	(12.38)	68.4		(12.38)	50.4		(9.48)	‡		(†)	14.2	!	(4.78)	‡		(†)
Pacific Islander	‡		(†)	100.0	(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)
American Indian/Alaska Native	‡		(†)	100.0	(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)
Two or more races	5.3		(0.70)	100.0	(†)	21.0		(6.01)	79.0		(6.01)	71.1		(6.55)	3.4	!	(1.54)	4.4	!	(1.93)	‡		(†)
Poverty status4
Poor	17.7		(1.33)	100.0	(†)	28.3		(4.01)	71.7		(4.01)	50.7		(4.43)	4.7	!	(2.22)	13.8		(2.59)	2.6	!	(1.16)
Near-poor	24.1		(1.92)	100.0	(†)	34.1		(5.29)	65.9		(5.29)	39.6		(4.28)	5.4		(1.59)	19.3		(3.42)	1.6	!	(0.76)
Nonpoor	58.2		(1.92)	100.0	(†)	18.0		(2.35)	82.0		(2.35)	63.2		(2.44)	7.1		(1.00)	9.3		(1.30)	2.4		(0.60)
Mother's highest education5
Less than high school	15.5		(1.80)	100.0	(†)	45.7		(8.89)	54.3		(8.89)	38.5		(7.99)	‡		(†)	9.4	!	(3.80)	‡		(†)
High school/GED	18.2		(1.43)	100.0	(†)	20.7		(3.21)	79.3		(3.21)	51.5		(4.09)	4.3	!	(1.43)	18.5		(3.82)	5.0	!	(1.63)
Vocational/technical       or some college	17.2		(1.25)	100.0	(†)	25.9		(3.43)	74.1		(3.43)	52.7		(3.78)	5.3		(1.54)	13.7		(2.45)	‡		(†)
Associate's degree	9.5		(0.87)	100.0	(†)	25.7		(5.51)	74.3		(5.51)	49.1		(4.49)	7.8	!	(2.34)	16.2		(3.44)	‡		(†)
Bachelor's degree	26.2		(1.22)	100.0	(†)	17.9		(3.05)	82.1		(3.05)	66.5		(3.40)	4.5		(1.14)	9.3		(1.99)	1.7	!	(0.70)
Graduate/professional degree	13.3		(0.98)	100.0	(†)	9.4		(2.03)	90.6		(2.03)	69.1		(3.35)	12.6		(2.46)	7.0		(1.58)	1.8	!	(0.81)

†Not applicable.

!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent.

‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater.

1 A child's primary arrangement is the regular nonparental care arrangement in which the child spent the most time per week.

2 Refers to children who spent an equal number of hours per week in multiple nonparental care arrangements.

3 Center-based arrangements include day care centers, Head Start programs, preschools, prekindergartens, and other early childhood programs.

4 Poor children are those whose family incomes were below the Census Bureau's poverty threshold in the year prior to data collection; near-poor children are those whose family incomes ranged from the poverty threshold to 199 percent of the poverty threshold; and nonpoor children are those whose family incomes were at or above 200 percent of the poverty threshold. The poverty threshold is a dollar amount that varies depending on a family's size and composition and is updated annually to account for inflation. In 2015, for example, the poverty threshold for a family of four with two children was $24,257. Survey respondents are asked to select the range within which their income falls, rather than giving the exact amount of their income; therefore, the measure of poverty status is an approximation.

5 Excludes children living in households with no mother or female guardian present.

NOTE: While National Household Education Surveys Program (NHES) administrations prior to 2012 were administered via telephone with an interviewer, NHES:2012 and NHES:2016 used self-administered paper-and-pencil questionnaires that were mailed to respondents. Measurable differences between estimates for years prior to 2012 and estimates for later years could reflect actual changes in the population, or the changes could be due to the mode change from telephone to mail. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding and suppression of data that do not meet reporting standards.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Early Childhood Program Participation Survey of the National Household Education Surveys Program (ECPP-NHES:1995, 2001, 2005, 2012, and 2016). (This table was prepared June 2018.)