Table 602.86.

Percentage distribution of fourth- and eighth-graders, by severity of school discipline problems reported by their principal and country or other education system: 2015

[Standard errors appear in parentheses]
Country or other education system1	Hardly any problems						Minor problems						Moderate to severe problems
	Fourth grade			Eighth grade			Fourth grade			Eighth grade			Fourth grade				Eighth grade
1	2			3			4			5			6				7
International average2	60		(0.5)	43		(0.6)	31		(0.5)	45		(0.6)	10			(0.3)	11			(0.4)
Australia	64		(3.4)	48		(3.2)	30		(3.4)	51		(3.2)	‡			(†)	‡			(†)
Bahrain	59	3	(0.2)	51		(0.2)	26	3	(0.2)	36		(0.2)	14		3	(0.1)	13			(0.2)
Belgium (Flemish)	68	4	(3.6)	—		(†)	31	4	(3.8)	—		(†)	1		4	(1.1)	—			(†)
Bulgaria	72		(4.2)	—		(†)	20		(3.8)	—		(†)	8	!		(2.9)	—			(†)
Canada4,5,6	66	3	(3.1)	45		(4.1)	31	3	(2.9)	54		(4.1)	2	!	3	(1.0)	‡			(†)
Chile	46		(4.0)	29		(3.8)	47		(4.3)	58		(3.9)	6	!		(2.2)	13			(3.0)
Chinese Taipei	70		(4.1)	57		(3.8)	28		(3.8)	42		(3.7)	‡			(†)	‡			(†)
Croatia	76		(4.1)	—		(†)	24		(4.1)	—		(†)	#			(†)	—			(†)
Cyprus	50		(4.8)	—		(†)	42		(4.5)	—		(†)	8	!		(2.6)	—			(†)
Czech Republic	65		(3.6)	—		(†)	31		(3.5)	—		(†)	4	!		(1.8)	—			(†)
Denmark	53	3,4,7	(4.3)	—		(†)	45	3,4,7	(4.4)	—		(†)	1		3,4,7	(1.0)	—			(†)
Egypt	—		(†)	19		(3.4)	—		(†)	42		(3.6)	—			(†)	40			(3.6)
England (United Kingdom)	78		(3.7)	73	7	(4.5)	21		(3.6)	27	7	(4.5)	‡			(†)	#		7	(†)
Finland	68		(3.8)	—		(†)	31		(3.7)	—		(†)	1			(1.0)	—			(†)
France	58		(4.6)	—		(†)	33		(4.3)	—		(†)	9	!		(2.7)	—			(†)
Georgia6	70		(3.9)	57	3	(3.8)	22		(3.5)	40	3	(3.8)	8	!		(2.6)	3	!	3	(1.0)
Germany	39		(3.8)	—		(†)	50		(3.7)	—		(†)	10			(2.4)	—			(†)
Hong Kong (China)	71	4	(4.6)	66		(4.5)	29	4	(4.6)	33		(4.6)	#		4	(†)	1			(1.1)
Hungary	55		(3.7)	29		(3.9)	37		(3.6)	63		(4.1)	8			(1.7)	8			(2.1)
Indonesia	18		(2.9)	—		(†)	28		(3.3)	—		(†)	54			(3.6)	—			(†)
Iran, Islamic Republic of	65		(3.5)	55		(3.4)	26		(3.3)	41		(3.4)	9			(2.4)	4			(1.1)
Ireland	84		(3.3)	64		(3.9)	14		(3.1)	34		(4.0)	‡			(†)	‡			(†)
Israel	—		(†)	26	8	(3.6)	—		(†)	61	8	(3.6)	—			(†)	13		8	(2.3)
Italy3	60		(4.5)	27		(4.2)	25		(3.7)	61		(4.5)	15			(3.0)	12			(2.6)
Japan	74		(3.2)	54		(3.9)	20		(3.0)	37		(4.2)	6	!		(2.0)	9			(2.3)
Jordan	36		(4.0)	34		(3.5)	40		(3.9)	43		(3.9)	24			(3.2)	23			(3.3)
Kazakhstan	71		(3.9)	65		(4.2)	13		(2.7)	18		(3.3)	15			(2.8)	17			(3.2)
Korea, Republic of	81		(3.4)	55		(4.7)	14		(3.0)	38		(4.6)	5	!		(1.8)	7	!		(2.3)
Kuwait	25		(3.9)	27		(3.3)	40		(4.4)	50		(4.0)	35			(3.5)	23			(3.5)
Lebanon	—		(†)	51		(4.6)	—		(†)	29		(4.3)	—			(†)	20			(3.5)
Lithuania3	79		(3.4)	40		(4.2)	20		(3.4)	57		(4.2)	1			(1.0)	‡			(†)
Malaysia	—		(†)	50		(4.6)	—		(†)	48		(4.4)	—			(†)	‡			(†)
Malta	—		(†)	50		(0.1)	—		(†)	45		(0.1)	—			(†)	5			(0.1)
Morocco	21		(3.0)	13		(2.1)	30		(3.0)	34		(3.4)	49			(3.2)	53			(3.2)
Netherlands	83	4,9	(4.1)	—		(†)	17	4,9	(4.1)	—		(†)	#		4,9	(†)	—			(†)
New Zealand	71		(2.8)	31	4	(4.6)	28		(2.9)	66	4	(4.6)	‡			(†)	3	!	4	(1.5)
Northern Ireland (United Kingdom)	78	7,10	(4.0)	—		(†)	22	7,10	(4.0)	—		(†)	#		7,10	(†)	—			(†)
Norway11	74		(4.3)	67		(4.5)	25		(4.2)	33		(4.5)	‡			(†)	#			(†)
Oman	34		(3.4)	50		(3.9)	36		(3.0)	27		(3.6)	29			(2.8)	23			(3.1)
Poland	52		(3.6)	—		(†)	45		(3.8)	—		(†)	3	!		(1.4)	—			(†)
Portugal	43	3	(4.5)	—		(†)	46	3	(4.7)	—		(†)	11		3	(2.6)	—			(†)
Qatar	63		(3.0)	51		(0.7)	26		(2.8)	34		(0.7)	11			(1.8)	15			(0.3)
Russian Federation	67		(3.9)	56		(3.7)	32		(3.9)	43		(3.5)	#			(†)	‡			(†)
Saudi Arabia	49		(3.9)	49		(4.3)	26		(3.1)	31		(3.9)	25			(3.4)	20			(3.5)
Serbia	56	8	(4.3)	—		(†)	35	8	(3.8)	—		(†)	9		8	(2.0)	—			(†)
Singapore3	72		(0.0)	74		(0.0)	28		(0.0)	26		(#)	#			(†)	#			(†)
Slovak Republic	63		(3.6)	—		(†)	32		(3.4)	—		(†)	5	!		(1.7)	—			(†)
Slovenia	52		(4.3)	32		(3.6)	45		(4.5)	63		(3.7)	3	!		(1.3)	5	!		(1.8)
Spain	70	3	(3.4)	—		(†)	22	3	(3.0)	—		(†)	8		3	(1.5)	—			(†)
Sweden	49	3	(4.1)	26		(4.3)	40	3	(4.0)	70		(4.6)	10		3	(2.6)	4	!		(1.8)
Thailand	—		(†)	42		(4.0)	—		(†)	53		(4.0)	—			(†)	5	!		(1.7)
Turkey	44		(3.5)	19		(2.6)	29		(3.2)	49		(3.8)	26			(2.9)	32			(3.4)
United Arab Emirates	61		(2.4)	54		(2.3)	31		(2.5)	40		(2.2)	8			(1.2)	6			(0.9)
United States4	69	3	(3.3)	34		(3.0)	29	3	(3.3)	64		(3.4)	3	!	3	(0.9)	2	!		(1.0)
Benchmarking education systems
Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates)	51	3	(4.6)	41		(4.2)	41	3	(4.7)	53		(4.1)	8	!	3	(2.5)	7			(1.7)
Buenos Aires9 (Argentina)	53		(5.7)	21	4	(4.2)	35		(5.5)	61	4	(5.7)	13	!		(3.8)	18		4	(4.4)
Dubai (United Arab Emirates)	83		(0.2)	76		(0.3)	14		(0.2)	22		(0.3)	3			(0.1)	2			(0.1)
Florida12 (United States)	57	7	(8.1)	29	6,9	(8.2)	39	7	(8.3)	71	6,9	(8.2)	‡		7	(†)	#		6,9	(†)
Ontario (Canada)	58		(5.5)	39		(5.3)	38		(5.3)	59		(5.2)	4	!		(1.7)	‡			(†)
Quebec13 (Canada)	77		(4.8)	56		(6.1)	23		(4.8)	44		(6.1)	#			(†)	‡			(†)

—Not available.

†Not applicable.

#Rounds to zero.

!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent.

‡Reporting standards not met. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is 50 percent or greater.

1 Most of the education systems represent complete countries, but some represent subnational entities; examples include the Flemish community of Belgium, two components of the United Kingdom (England and Northern Ireland), a few individual cities (such as Abu Dhabi within the United Arab Emirates), and the U.S. state of Florida.

2 The international average includes only education systems that are members of the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA), which develops and implements the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) at the international level. In this table, the fourth-grade international average includes grade 5 data from South Africa, and the eighth-grade international average includes grade 9 data from Botswana; these IEA countries are not shown separately because they did not participate at the target grade levels. "Benchmarking" education systems are not members of the IEA and are therefore not included in the average.

3 National Defined Population covers 90 to 95 percent of the National Target Population.

4 Met guidelines for sample participation rates only after replacement schools were included.

5 Fourth-grade data include only students from the provinces of Alberta, Manitoba, Newfoundland, Ontario, and Quebec. Eighth-grade data include only students from the provinces of Manitoba, Newfoundland, Ontario, and Quebec.

6 National Target Population does not include all of the International Target Population.

7 Data are available for at least 70 percent but less than 85 percent of the students.

8 National Defined Population covers less than 90 percent of the National Target Population (but at least 77 percent).

9 Data are available for at least 50 percent but less than 70 percent of the students.

10 Nearly satisfied guidelines for sample participation rates after replacement schools were included.

11 Norway collected data from students in their fifth and ninth year of schooling rather than in grades 4 and 8 because year 1 in Norway is considered the equivalent of kindergarten rather than the first year of primary school.

12 U.S. state-level data are based on public school students only.

13 Did not satisfy guidelines for sample participation rates.

NOTE: Principals responded to a series of questions about the extent of different types of discipline problems among fourth- and eighth-graders at their school, and their responses were collapsed into the single discipline-problem scale shown in this table. TIMSS required countries and other education systems to draw probability samples of students who were nearing the end of their fourth and eighth years of formal schooling (counting the first year of primary school as year 1), provided that the mean age at the time of testing was at least 9.5 years for fourth-year students and 13.5 years for eighth-year students. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.

SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA), Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), 2015. (This table was prepared December 2016.)