Chapter 7: Libraries and Use of Technology

This chapter presents statistics on elementary and secondary school libraries, college and university libraries (including institution-level information for the 60 largest college libraries in the country), and public libraries. It contains data on library collections, staff, and expenditures, as well as library usage. Also included in this chapter are tables on access to and use of computers and the Internet among children and adults of various racial/ethnic groups, age groups, educational attainment levels, and income levels. Chapter 2 includes tables on use of computers and the Internet by elementary and secondary students and schools. Chapter 3 includes tables on distance and online education at the postsecondary level.

Libraries

Among public schools that had a library in 2011–12, the average number of library staff per school was 1.8, including 0.9 certified library/media specialists (web-only table 701.10). On average, public school libraries had larger numbers of books on a per student basis in 2011–12 (2,188 per 100 students) than in 1999–2000 (1,803 per 100 students), 2003–04 (1,891 per 100 students), and 2007–08 (2,015 per 100 students). In 2011–12, public elementary school libraries had larger holdings on a per student basis than did public secondary school libraries (2,570 books per 100 students, compared with 1,474 books per 100 students).

In 2014–15, there were libraries at 92 percent of degree-granting postsecondary institutions overall, 98 percent of public institutions, 99 percent of private nonprofit institutions, and 77 percent of private for-profit institutions (table 701.40). The calculations of library operating expenditures and number of books per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student in the following paragraph include both institutions with libraries and those without libraries.

At degree-granting postsecondary institutions, library operating expenditures per FTE student were 1 percent higher in 2001–02 than in 1991–92, after adjustment for inflation. Library operating expenditures per FTE student dropped by 25 percent from 2001–02 to 2011–12 (in inflation-adjusted dollars), but then rose by 15 percent from 2011–12 to 2014–15, resulting in a net decrease of 14 percent between 2001–02 and 2014–15. In 2014–15, library operating expenditures per FTE student averaged $526 (in current dollars) across all degree-granting institutions. The amount varied widely by institution control, however: library operating expenditures averaged $444 per FTE student attending a public institution in 2014–15, compared with $950 per FTE student attending a private nonprofit institution and $71 per FTE student attending a private for-profit institution. In 2014–15, the average number of books (including physical and electronic books) per FTE student also differed for public institutions (88 books), private nonprofit institutions (191 books), and private for-profit institutions (118 books). Across all degree-granting institutions, the average number of books per FTE student in 2014–15 was 114.

In 2016, there were 9,057 public libraries in the United States with a total of 732 million books and serial volumes (table 701.60). The annual number of visits per capita—that is, per resident of the areas served by the libraries—was 4.4, the annual number of reference transactions per capita was 0.8, and the annual number of uses of public-access internet computers per capita was 0.9.

Computer and Internet Use

Ninety-seven percent of all 3- to 18-year-old children had some type of computer or smartphone in their household in 2016 (table 702.10). A higher percentage of 3- to 18-year-old children lived in a household with a smartphone (91 percent) than in a household with a desktop or laptop (83 percent) or in a household with a tablet or other portable wireless computer (74 percent).

The percentages of children with various types of devices in their households differed by race/ethnicity. For example, 95 percent of Asian children had a desktop or laptop in their household in 2016, compared with 90 percent of White children, 87 percent of children of Two or more races, 73 percent of Hispanic children, 72 percent of Black children, 69 percent of Pacific Islander children, and 65 percent of American Indian/Alaska Native children. The percentage of children who lived in a household with a smartphone was higher for Asian children (94 percent), children of Two or more races (93 percent), and White children (92 percent) than for children who were Hispanic (89 percent), Black (88 percent), Pacific Islander (86 percent), and American Indian/Alaska Native (80 percent).

The percentages of children ages 3 to 18 living in households with desktops or laptops, smartphones, and tablets or other portable wireless computers were generally higher for those with higher family incomes than for those with lower family incomes. For example, the percentage of children ages 3 to 18 living in a household with a desktop or laptop computer in 2016 was highest for children with family incomes of over $100,000 (97 percent) and lowest for children with family incomes of less than $10,000 (55 percent). Percentages of children ages 3 to 18 living in a household with a smartphone and living in a household with a tablet or other portable wireless computer were also highest for children with family incomes of over $100,000 and lowest for children with family incomes of less than $10,000.

The percentages of children living in households with various types of devices were generally higher for children whose parent(s) had higher levels of educational attainment than for those whose parent(s) had lower levels of educational attainment (table 702.10 and figure 30). For example, the percentage of children with a desktop or laptop in their household in 2016 was higher for those who had a parent with a bachelor’s or higher degree (97 percent) than for those whose parents’ highest level of education was an associate’s degree (90 percent), some college (83 percent), a high school diploma or equivalent (70 percent), and less than high school (54 percent). The percentage of children with a smartphone in their household was higher for those who had a parent with a bachelor’s or higher degree (95 percent) than for those whose parents’ highest level of education was an associate’s degree (94 percent), some college (92 percent), a high school diploma or equivalent (87 percent), and less than high school (81 percent).

In 2015, about 75 percent of the U.S. population age 3 and over used the Internet, up from 70 percent in 2011 (table 702.30). Internet usage differed by various demographic characteristics in 2015. For example, the percentage of internet users was higher among persons age 3 and over who were White (78 percent) than among those who were American Indian/Alaska Native (70 percent), Black (68 percent), and Hispanic (66 percent). The percentage of internet users in the population age 3 and over was generally higher for those with higher family incomes than for those with lower family incomes. For example, in 2015, about 86 percent of people with family incomes of $100,000 to $149,000 used the Internet, compared with 63 percent of people with family incomes of $20,000 to $29,999. Among persons age 25 and over, the percentage of internet users tended to be higher for those with higher levels of educational attainment (table 702.30 and figure 31). For example, the percentage of persons age 25 and over who used the Internet in 2015 was higher for those whose highest level of education was a bachelor’s or higher degree (88 percent) than for those whose highest level of education was an associate’s degree (84 percent), some college (81 percent), a high school diploma or equivalent (65 percent), and less than high school (42 percent).

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