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Digest of Education Statistics: 2016
Digest of Education Statistics: 2016

NCES 2017-094
February 2018


Table 605.20. Public and private direct expenditures on education institutions as a percentage of gross domestic product, by level of education and country: Selected years, 2005 through 2013
Country All institutions Elementary and secondary institutions
(excludes preprimary unless otherwise noted)
Higher education institutions
Public direct expenditures Direct expenditures, 2013 Public direct expenditures Direct expenditures, 2013 Public direct expenditures Direct expenditures, 2013
20051 20081 20101 20111 2012 Public2 Private Total 2005 2008 2010 2011 2012 Public2 Private Total 2005 2008 2010 2011 2012 Public2 Private Total
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
OECD average3  4.3   4.2   4.5   4.4   4.3   4.3   0.9 5.2 3.3   3.3   3.5   3.3   3.3   3.3   0.4   3.7   1.0   1.0   1.0   1.0   1.0   1.0   0.6   1.5  
Australia 3.8   3.7   4.4   4.1   4.0   3.9 4  1.7 5.6 3.1   3.1   3.7   3.4   3.3   3.2 4  0.7   3.9   0.7   0.7   0.8   0.7   0.7   0.7 4  1.0   1.7  
Austria         4.7   4.7   0.3 5.0         3.0   3.1   0.1   3.2           1.7   1.7   #   1.7  
Belgium 4.9   5.2   5.3   5.3   5.3   5.4   0.4 5.8 3.9   4.1   4.1   4.1   4.2   4.2   0.2   4.4   1.1   1.1   1.2   1.2   1.2   1.2   0.2   1.4  
Canada 4.3   4.6   4.9   4.6   4.6     3.0 1,5  3.1 1,5  3.4 1,5  3.2 1,5  3.3 1,5        1.3   1.5   1.5   1.4   1.3        
Chile 3.0   3.4   3.5   3.8   3.7   3.5   2.3 5.8 2.7   3.1   2.9   3.1   2.8   2.7   0.7   3.4   0.3   0.3   0.6   0.6   0.9   0.8   1.6   2.4  
                                                                                             
Czech Republic 3.3   3.1   3.3   3.6   3.5   3.3   0.7 4.0 2.5   2.3   2.5   2.5   2.5   2.5   0.2   2.7   0.8   0.8   0.9   1.1   1.0   0.9   0.4   1.3  
Denmark 5.9   5.6   6.3   5.9   6.0   6.1   0.3 6.4 4.3 6  4.0 6  4.6 6  4.2 6  4.5   4.5   0.1   4.6   1.6 6  1.5 6  1.7 6  1.7 6  1.5   1.6   0.1   1.7  
Estonia 4.2   4.7   4.8   4.4   4.1   4.3   0.9 5.2 3.4   3.7   3.8   3.2   3.1   3.1   #   3.1   0.8   0.9   1.0   1.1   0.9   1.2   0.8   2.0  
Finland 5.3   5.1   5.7   5.7   5.7   5.6   0.1 5.7 3.7   3.6   3.9   3.9   3.9   3.9   #   3.9   1.6   1.5   1.8   1.8   1.8   1.7   0.1   1.8  
France 4.6   4.6   4.8   4.6   4.6   4.6   0.7 5.3 3.5   3.4 5  3.6 5  3.5 5  3.5 5  3.4   0.4   3.8   1.1   1.1   1.2   1.2   1.1   1.1   0.4   1.5  
                                                                                             
Germany 3.7   3.6   3.9   3.8   3.7   3.7   0.6 4.3 2.8   2.6   2.9   2.8   2.7   2.7   0.4   3.1   0.9   0.9   1.0   1.0   1.0   1.0   0.2   1.2  
Greece 3.9             2.5 1                1.4                
Hungary 4.1   3.8   3.6   3.5   3.1   3.1   0.7 3.8 3.2   2.9   2.8   2.5   2.4   2.3   0.2   2.5   0.9   0.9   0.8   0.9   0.7   0.8   0.5   1.3  
Iceland 6.1   5.8   5.6   5.6   5.6   5.5   0.4 5.9 5.0 6  4.7   4.5   4.5   4.4   4.4   0.2   4.6   1.1 6  1.1   1.1   1.0   1.1   1.1   0.2   1.3  
Ireland 4.0   5.0   5.5   5.2   5.3   4.7   0.5 5.2 3.1   3.9   4.3   4.1   4.1   3.8   0.2   4.0   0.9   1.1   1.2   1.1   1.1   0.9   0.3   1.2  
                                                                                             
Israel 4.4   4.4   4.5   4.5   4.7   4.6   1.3 5.9 3.5   3.6   3.7   3.7   3.9   3.8   0.5   4.3   0.8   0.8   0.8   0.8   0.8   0.8   0.9   1.7  
Italy5 3.6   3.7   3.6   3.5   3.4 7  3.5   0.5 4.0 3.0   3.1   3.0   2.8   2.8   2.8   0.2   3.0   0.6   0.6   0.6   0.6   0.6 7  0.6   0.4   1.0  
Japan6 3.0   3.1   3.3   3.3   3.3   3.2   1.3 4.5 2.6   2.6   2.7   2.8   2.7   2.7   0.2   2.9   0.5   0.5   0.5   0.5   0.5   0.6   1.0   1.6  
Korea, Republic of 3.5   3.5   3.7   3.7   3.8   3.8 4  2.1 5.9 2.9   3.0   3.1   3.1   3.1   3.0 4  0.6   3.6   0.5   0.5   0.7   0.7   0.7   0.7 4  1.6   2.3  
Latvia         3.6   3.9   0.6 4.5         2.8   3.0   0.1   3.1           0.8   0.9   0.5   1.4  
                                                                                             
Luxembourg 3.8     3.5   3.3   3.6   3.3   0.2 3.5 3.8 1,5    3.5 5  3.3 5  3.2   2.8   0.1   2.9           0.4   0.5   #   0.5  
Mexico 4.0   3.9   4.2   4.1   4.1   4.1   1.1 5.2 3.2   3.0   3.2   3.2   3.2   3.2   0.7   3.9   0.8   0.9   1.0   0.8   0.9   0.9   0.4   1.3  
Netherlands 4.2   4.0   4.4   4.4   4.4   4.5   1.0 5.5 3.1   3.0   3.3   3.2   3.3   3.3   0.5   3.8   1.0   1.0   1.1   1.1   1.2   1.2   0.5   1.7  
New Zealand         5.0   4.8   1.7 6.5         4.1   3.9   0.8   4.7           1.0   0.9   0.9   1.8  
Norway 6.8   6.4   6.7   6.3   6.1   6.2   0.1 6.3 5.1   4.8   5.1   4.7   4.6 8  4.7 8  # 8  4.7 8  1.7   1.6   1.6   1.5   1.5 8  1.5 8  0.1 8  1.6 8 
                                                                                             
Poland 4.8   4.3   4.4   4.1   4.1   4.1   0.7 4.8 3.7   3.4   3.4   3.2   3.1   3.1   0.3   3.4   1.2   0.9   1.0   1.0   1.0   1.1   0.3   1.4  
Portugal 4.4   4.0   4.6   4.4   4.2   4.5   1.6 6.1 3.6 5  3.3 5  3.7 5  3.6 5  3.5 6  3.8 6  0.9 6  4.7 6  0.8   0.8   0.9   0.9   0.7 6  0.7 6  0.7 6  1.4 6 
Slovak Republic 3.1   2.8   3.3   3.1   3.1   3.2   0.6 3.8 2.4 8  2.1 8  2.6 8  2.4 8  2.4 8  2.4   0.3   2.7   0.7 8  0.6 8  0.6 8  0.7 8  0.7 8  0.8   0.3   1.1  
Slovenia 4.7   4.2   4.5   4.4   4.4   4.3   0.5 4.8 3.7   3.3   3.5   3.4   3.4   3.3   0.4   3.7   0.9   0.9   1.0   1.0   1.0   1.0   0.2   1.2  
Spain 3.5   3.7   4.0   3.9   3.6   3.5   0.8 4.3 2.7   2.8   2.9   2.9   2.7   2.7   0.3   3.0   0.8   0.9   1.0   1.0   0.9   0.9   0.4   1.3  
                                                                                             
Sweden 5.3   5.1   5.2   5.1   5.2   5.2   0.2 5.4 4.0   3.8   3.8   3.7   3.7   3.7   #   3.7   1.3   1.3   1.5   1.4   1.4   1.5   0.2   1.7  
Switzerland 4.8   4.3   4.5   4.6   4.6   4.7   0.4 5.1 3.5   3.2   3.4   3.4   3.4   3.4   0.5   3.9   1.3   1.1   1.2   1.2   1.2   1.2   #   1.2  
Turkey 2.8   2.9   3.5   3.3   3.7   4.2   0.8 5.0 2.0   2.2   2.5   2.3   2.5   2.9   0.4   3.3   0.8   0.8   0.9   1.0   1.1   1.3   0.4   1.7  
United Kingdom         4.7   5.1   1.6 6.7 3.4   3.1   3.4   3.7   3.7   4.1   0.7   4.8           1.0   1.0   0.8   1.8  
United States 4.3   4.6   4.6   4.4     4.2   2.0 6.2 3.3 5  3.6 5  3.5 5  3.4 5    3.3 9  0.2 9  3.5 9  1.0   1.0   1.1   1.0   1.0 9  1.0 9  1.6 9  2.6 9 
                                                                                             
Other reporting                                                                                            
countries                                                                                            
Argentina         2.9   4.8   0.7 5.5         2.9   3.8   0.6   4.4             1.1   #   1.1  
Brazil 3.9   4.7   5.1   5.1   5.1   5.2   # 5.2 3.2   4.0   4.2   4.2   4.3   4.3   #   4.3   0.7   0.8   0.9   0.9   0.8   0.9   #   0.9  
Colombia         1.3   4.5   2.1 6.6         0.5   3.3   1.0   4.3           0.8   1.1   1.1   2.2  
Costa Rica             8.3               5.7                 2.6  
Indonesia         3.1   2.8   # 2.8         2.5   2.3   #   2.3           0.6   0.5   #   0.5  
Lithuania           3.8   0.6 4.4         9.3   2.6   0.1   2.7             1.2   0.5   1.7  
Russian Federation 2.7   3.0   3.0   2.8   3.1   3.2   0.6 3.8 1.9   2.0   2.0   2.0   2.2   2.3   #   2.3   0.8   0.9   1.0   0.9   0.9   0.9   0.5   1.4  
South Africa                                       0.6      
—Not available.
#Rounds to zero.
1 Includes preprimary education (for children ages 3 and older), not separately shown.
2 Excludes expenditures that could not be reported by level of education.
3 Refers to the mean of the data values for all reporting Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, to which each country reporting data contributes equally. The average includes all current OECD countries for which a given year's data are available, even if they were not members of OECD in that year.
4 Excludes expenditures from international sources.
5 Excludes postsecondary non-higher-education.
6 Postsecondary non-higher-education included in both secondary and higher education.
7 Excludes occupation-specific education corresponding to that offered at the vocational associate's degree level in the United States.
8 Occupation-specific education corresponding to that offered at the vocational associate's degree level in the United States is included in elementary and secondary education instead of in higher education.
9 Postsecondary non-higher-education included in higher education.
NOTE: Public direct expenditures on education include both amounts spent directly by governments to hire education personnel and to procure other resources, and amounts provided by governments to public or private institutions. Unless otherwise noted, public direct expenditures also include public subsidies to households for payments to education institutions and direct expenditures on education institutions from international sources. Private direct expenditures exclude public subsidies that are used for payments to education institutions. Expenditures for International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) level 4 (postsecondary non-higher-education) are included in elementary and secondary education unless otherwise noted. Data for "all institutions" include expenditures that could not be reported by level of education unless otherwise noted. ISCED was revised in 2011. The previous version, ISCED 1997, was used to calculate all data for years prior to 2012 (with the exception of Canada’s 2011 data, which were calculated using ISCED 2011). ISCED 2011 was used to calculate all data for 2012 and later years (with the exception of Chile’s 2012 data, which were calculated using ISCED 1997). Data calculated using ISCED 2011 may not be directly comparable to data calculated using ISCED 1997. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Education at a Glance, selected years, 2003 through 2016; and Online Education Database, retrieved December 6, 2016, from http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx. (This table was prepared January 2017.)