Table 202.35.

Primary child care arrangements of 4- and 5-year-old children who are not yet enrolled in kindergarten, by selected child and family characteristics: Selected years, 1995 through 2012

[Standard errors appear in parentheses]
Year and primary child care arrangement	Total			Race/ethnicity															Poverty status1									Mother's highest education2
				White			Black			Hispanic			Asian/Pacific Islander			Other3			Poor			Near-poor			Nonpoor			Less than high school			High school/GED			Vocational/ technical or some college			Associate's degree			Bachelor's or higher degree
1	2			3			4			5			6			7			8			9			10			11			12			13			14			15
1995
Percent of all children	100.0		(†)	69.2		(1.09)	14.8		(0.79)	10.8		(0.53)	2.4		(0.36)	2.9		(0.46)	25.9		(1.11)	22.5		(1.11)	51.7		(1.28)	12.3		(0.97)	35.3		(1.31)	21.7		(1.10)	7.8		(0.68)	22.9		(0.95)
Percent in all types      of care	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)
Parental care only	21.7		(1.09)	20.9		(1.27)	15.8		(3.24)	33.7		(2.55)	15.5	!	(5.61)	30.0		(7.78)	28.4		(3.03)	32.1		(2.52)	13.8		(1.16)	40.2		(3.32)	26.2		(2.11)	18.9		(2.16)	17.4		(2.87)	9.0		(1.51)
Nonparental care	78.3		(1.09)	79.1		(1.27)	84.2		(3.24)	66.3		(2.55)	84.5		(5.61)	70.0		(7.78)	71.6		(3.03)	67.9		(2.52)	86.2		(1.16)	59.8		(3.32)	73.8		(2.11)	81.1		(2.16)	82.6		(2.87)	91.0		(1.51)
Primary arrangement4
Center-based care5	55.1		(1.08)	55.0		(1.38)	59.7		(4.21)	44.3		(2.69)	73.7		(7.32)	58.3		(9.02)	51.4		(3.10)	45.4		(2.73)	61.0		(1.72)	41.2		(3.88)	50.0		(2.07)	57.5		(1.85)	57.7		(4.30)	67.4		(2.58)
Nonrelative care	11.0		(0.86)	12.7		(1.02)	7.8		(1.71)	6.6		(1.72)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	5.8		(1.18)	9.4		(1.27)	14.3		(1.25)	5.7		(1.69)	9.5		(1.15)	11.1		(1.64)	13.5		(3.15)	14.8		(1.94)
Relative care	10.8		(0.70)	10.0		(0.75)	14.2		(2.82)	14.7		(1.86)	7.1	!	(3.49)	‡		(†)	11.8		(1.94)	12.3		(1.59)	9.7		(0.93)	11.6		(2.61)	12.1		(0.94)	12.1		(1.87)	10.6		(2.74)	7.1		(1.20)
Multiple arrangements6	1.4	!	(0.48)	1.4	!	(0.48)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	0.8	!	(0.38)	1.2		(0.33)	‡		(†)	2.2	!	(0.93)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	1.7	!	(0.60)
2001
Percent of all children	100.0		(†)	62.6		(0.89)	14.5		(0.82)	17.1		(0.73)	2.2		(0.41)	3.7		(0.47)	23.6		(1.26)	20.6		(1.15)	55.8		(1.21)	10.2		(0.67)	32.7		(1.44)	23.8		(1.23)	7.0		(0.66)	26.3		(1.20)
Percent in all types      of care	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)
Parental care only	20.5		(1.00)	20.3		(1.32)	10.6		(2.45)	31.6		(2.35)	22.6	!	(7.97)	10.7	!	(4.34)	25.1		(2.69)	30.0		(2.60)	15.1		(1.35)	35.0		(3.90)	25.0		(2.28)	17.3		(1.98)	14.0		(3.86)	13.3		(1.94)
Nonparental care	79.5		(1.00)	79.7		(1.32)	89.4		(2.45)	68.4		(2.35)	77.4		(7.97)	89.3		(4.34)	74.9		(2.69)	70.0		(2.60)	84.9		(1.35)	65.0		(3.90)	75.0		(2.28)	82.7		(1.98)	86.0		(3.86)	86.7		(1.94)
Primary arrangement4
Center-based care5	56.2		(1.17)	57.3		(1.48)	63.4		(3.66)	44.1		(2.42)	59.6		(9.47)	62.4		(6.73)	47.4		(3.00)	50.8		(2.33)	61.9		(1.74)	42.6		(3.71)	49.5		(2.64)	59.3		(2.74)	68.0		(4.08)	66.0		(2.68)
Nonrelative care	9.6		(0.72)	11.5		(1.03)	4.3	!	(1.70)	8.4		(1.59)	‡		(†)	8.5	!	(3.71)	5.2		(1.17)	8.3		(1.48)	12.0		(1.07)	7.0		(1.92)	8.6		(1.39)	8.3		(1.40)	9.7	!	(3.03)	13.1		(1.67)
Relative care	12.1		(0.95)	10.1		(0.99)	17.4		(3.64)	13.8		(1.98)	12.6	!	(5.47)	17.0	!	(5.95)	19.5		(3.28)	8.7		(2.02)	10.2		(0.95)	12.5		(3.10)	15.5		(2.02)	12.5		(1.79)	7.8		(2.32)	6.7		(1.26)
Multiple arrangements6	1.6		(0.40)	0.7	!	(0.32)	‡		(†)	2.1	!	(0.76)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	2.9	!	(1.31)	‡		(†)	0.8	!	(0.24)	‡		(†)	1.3	!	(0.61)	2.6	!	(1.27)	‡		(†)	0.9	!	(0.40)
2005
Percent of all children	100.0		(†)	57.9		(1.14)	14.1		(1.02)	19.1		(0.94)	3.2		(0.58)	5.7		(0.65)	22.2		(1.15)	25.9		(1.48)	51.9		(1.42)	9.3		(0.89)	31.6		(1.61)	20.7		(1.44)	7.4		(0.68)	31.1		(1.25)
Percent in all types      of care	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)
Parental care only	21.1		(1.37)	19.3		(1.69)	13.8		(3.72)	32.6		(2.91)	14.7	!	(5.84)	21.2		(6.06)	25.8		(3.40)	29.7		(2.77)	14.7		(1.60)	36.2		(4.03)	27.4		(3.35)	22.5		(2.94)	14.7		(3.87)	11.2		(1.57)
Nonparental care	78.9		(1.37)	80.7		(1.69)	86.2		(3.72)	67.4		(2.91)	85.3		(5.84)	78.8		(6.06)	74.2		(3.40)	70.3		(2.77)	85.3		(1.60)	63.8		(4.03)	72.6		(3.35)	77.5		(2.94)	85.3		(3.87)	88.8		(1.57)
Primary arrangement4
Center-based care5	59.2		(1.34)	60.2		(1.86)	66.1		(4.75)	49.7		(3.00)	70.2		(8.60)	57.5		(6.98)	51.8		(3.98)	48.4		(3.21)	67.7		(1.96)	50.6		(3.84)	48.4		(3.15)	57.1		(3.02)	65.7		(5.07)	72.4		(2.17)
Nonrelative care	5.5		(0.89)	7.3		(1.29)	2.6	!	(1.14)	3.2		(0.80)	3.6	!	(1.70)	2.8	!	(1.32)	4.7	!	(2.14)	3.0		(0.75)	7.1		(1.26)	‡		(†)	5.2	!	(1.64)	5.1		(1.48)	9.5		(2.63)	6.1		(1.52)
Relative care	12.0		(1.16)	10.7		(1.20)	15.7	!	(4.72)	13.6		(2.22)	‡		(†)	12.0	!	(4.59)	16.0		(3.18)	15.1		(2.98)	8.8		(1.12)	9.6	!	(3.27)	15.9		(2.42)	13.9		(2.62)	6.5	!	(2.68)	8.8		(1.52)
Multiple arrangements6	2.2		(0.44)	2.4		(0.51)	1.8	!	(0.86)	0.9	!	(0.40)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	3.8		(1.07)	1.7		(0.38)	‡		(†)	3.0	!	(0.94)	1.5	!	(0.66)	3.5	!	(1.73)	1.5		(0.44)
2012
Percent of all children	100.0		(†)	50.6		(1.50)	14.6		(1.05)	23.9		(1.26)	5.2		(0.55)	5.7		(0.68)	22.9		(1.22)	23.6		(1.28)	53.5		(1.30)	16.9		(1.44)	21.3		(1.17)	21.8		(1.28)	8.1		(0.84)	31.9		(1.16)
Percent in all types      of care	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)	100.0		(†)
Parental care only	19.5		(1.43)	18.5		(1.83)	15.3		(3.50)	24.3		(3.38)	19.4		(5.00)	18.9		(5.51)	29.0		(2.87)	23.9		(2.66)	13.5		(1.96)	35.1		(5.53)	23.5		(3.23)	22.0		(2.23)	15.0		(3.11)	7.7		(1.12)
Nonparental care	80.5		(1.43)	81.5		(1.83)	84.7		(3.50)	75.7		(3.38)	80.6		(5.00)	81.1		(5.51)	71.0		(2.87)	76.1		(2.66)	86.5		(1.96)	64.9		(5.53)	76.5		(3.23)	78.0		(2.23)	85.0		(3.11)	92.3		(1.12)
Primary arrangement4
Center-based care5	58.4		(1.32)	58.5		(1.82)	65.3		(4.10)	52.9		(3.60)	67.0		(5.41)	55.6		(6.52)	49.4		(3.05)	51.4		(3.04)	65.4		(1.88)	45.9		(5.65)	51.9		(3.68)	54.2		(2.93)	63.4		(4.02)	71.1		(1.88)
Nonrelative care	7.2		(0.72)	9.7		(1.19)	2.4	!	(0.93)	5.5		(1.47)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	5.2	!	(1.67)	5.9		(1.46)	8.6		(1.04)	‡		(†)	7.9		(1.98)	6.4		(1.33)	7.3	!	(2.24)	9.8		(1.36)
Relative care	13.0		(0.96)	11.3		(1.14)	16.3		(3.17)	14.4		(2.36)	10.2	!	(3.64)	15.4	!	(4.69)	14.9		(2.19)	15.6		(2.78)	11.0		(1.37)	12.3		(3.01)	16.4		(2.63)	15.2		(2.26)	9.7		(2.45)	9.3		(1.35)
Multiple arrangements6	1.9		(0.33)	1.9		(0.44)	‡		(†)	2.9	!	(1.04)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	1.5	!	(0.54)	3.2	!	(1.09)	1.5		(0.37)	‡		(†)	‡		(†)	2.2		(0.61)	4.6	!	(1.72)	2.2		(0.63)

†Not applicable.

!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent.

‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater.

1 Poor children are those whose family incomes were below the Census Bureau's poverty threshold in the year prior to data collection; near-poor children are those whose family incomes ranged from the poverty threshold to 199 percent of the poverty threshold; and nonpoor children are those whose family incomes were at or above 200 percent of the poverty threshold. The poverty threshold is a dollar amount that varies depending on a family's size and composition and is updated annually to account for inflation. In 2011, for example, the poverty threshold for a family of four with two children was $22,811. Survey respondents are asked to select the range within which their income falls, rather than giving the exact amount of their income; therefore, the measure of poverty status is an approximation.

2 Excludes children living in households with no mother or female guardian present.

3 Includes persons of all other races and Two or more races.

4 A child's primary arrangement is the regular nonparental care arrangement or early childhood education program in which the child spent the most time per week.

5 Center-based arrangements include day care centers, Head Start programs, preschools, prekindergartens, and other early childhood programs.

6 Refers to children who spent an equal number of hours per week in multiple nonparental care arrangements.

NOTE: While National Household Education Surveys Program (NHES) administrations prior to 2012 were administered via telephone with an interviewer, NHES:2012 used self-administered paper-and-pencil questionnaires that were mailed to respondents. Measurable differences in estimates between 2012 and prior years could reflect actual changes in the population, or the changes could be due to the mode change from telephone to mail. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Early Childhood Program Participation Survey of the National Household Education Surveys Program (ECPP-NHES:1995, 2001, 2005, and 2012). (This table was prepared November 2014.)