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Table 270. | Percentage of first-year undergraduate students who took remedial education courses, by selected student and institution characteristics: 2003-04 and 2007-08 |
[Standard errors appear in parentheses] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Selected student or institution characteristic | 2003-04 first-year undergraduates1 | 2007-08 first-year undergraduates1,2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Percent who ever took a remedial course | Percent who took remedial courses in 2003-04 | Number of students (in thou-sands) | Percent who ever took a remedial course | Number who took a course in 2007-08 (in thou-sands) | Percent who took remedial courses in 2007-08 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Any course | English | Mathematics | Reading | Studying | Writing | Any courses | 1 course | 2 courses | 3 or more courses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | 34.7 | (0.37) | 19.1 | (0.29) | 5.7 | (0.22) | 14.6 | (0.26) | 5.5 | (0.17) | 2.3 | (0.10) | 6.9 | (0.18) | 8,738 | 36.1 | (0.38) | 1,743 | 19.9 | (0.35) | 9.2 | (0.23) | 6.4 | (0.19) | 4.3 | (0.18) | ||||||||||
Sex | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Male | 32.9 | (0.52) | 18.3 | (0.45) | 5.5 | (0.30) | 13.9 | (0.41) | 5.2 | (0.22) | 2.2 | (0.15) | 6.6 | (0.27) | 3,797 | 33.0 | (0.53) | 730 | 19.2 | (0.50) | 8.8 | (0.35) | 6.6 | (0.28) | 3.8 | (0.22) | ||||||||||
Female | 36.0 | (0.55) | 19.7 | (0.39) | 5.8 | (0.23) | 15.0 | (0.33) | 5.8 | (0.24) | 2.4 | (0.15) | 7.1 | (0.26) | 4,941 | 38.6 | (0.51) | 1,013 | 20.5 | (0.46) | 9.6 | (0.32) | 6.2 | (0.24) | 4.7 | (0.24) | ||||||||||
Race/ethnicity of student | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
White | 31.7 | (0.42) | 17.7 | (0.35) | 4.9 | (0.21) | 13.5 | (0.32) | 4.4 | (0.18) | 2.2 | (0.14) | 6.4 | (0.22) | 4,980 | 31.3 | (0.46) | 881 | 17.7 | (0.41) | 8.7 | (0.30) | 5.3 | (0.24) | 3.7 | (0.21) | ||||||||||
Black | 41.2 | (0.99) | 22.4 | (0.76) | 7.5 | (0.52) | 17.1 | (0.66) | 7.8 | (0.49) | 2.9 | (0.26) | 6.9 | (0.44) | 1,467 | 45.1 | (0.99) | 359 | 24.4 | (0.86) | 11.4 | (0.65) | 7.5 | (0.45) | 5.5 | (0.53) | ||||||||||
Hispanic | 37.5 | (0.92) | 20.9 | (0.69) | 6.4 | (0.52) | 16.5 | (0.63) | 6.9 | (0.49) | 2.4 | (0.25) | 8.1 | (0.48) | 1,440 | 42.7 | (1.08) | 325 | 22.5 | (0.78) | 9.3 | (0.51) | 8.5 | (0.48) | 4.8 | (0.40) | ||||||||||
Asian | 39.6 | (1.72) | 17.6 | (1.56) | 8.2 | (1.09) | 10.9 | (1.19) | 7.0 | (0.83) | 1.8 | (0.48) | 8.4 | (0.93) | 464 | 38.9 | (2.05) | 93 | 20.0 | (1.90) | 7.2 | (1.25) | 7.5 | (0.96) | 5.3 | (0.87) | ||||||||||
Pacific Islander | 40.8 | (5.11) | 22.4 | (4.55) | 10.2 | ! | (4.18) | 19.8 | (4.64) | 10.1 | ! | (4.07) | ‡ | (†) | 11.3 | ! | (4.00) | 69 | 39.9 | (4.63) | 13 | 19.1 | (3.90) | 7.1 | ! | (2.16) | 9.9 | ! | (3.11) | 2.1 | ! | (0.84) | ||||
American Indian/Alaska Native |
44.8 | (4.33) | 23.6 | (3.10) | 3.4 | (0.99) | 17.3 | (2.79) | 8.4 | (2.28) | 3.9 | ! | (1.53) | 8.0 | (2.35) | 82 | 48.0 | (4.65) | 24 | 29.6 | (3.87) | 11.8 | (2.06) | 9.4 | (2.21) | 8.5 | (2.34) | |||||||||
Two or more races | 33.9 | (2.01) | 20.8 | (1.80) | 4.7 | (0.90) | 14.8 | (1.48) | 4.9 | (0.98) | 1.9 | (0.48) | 6.5 | (1.12) | 209 | 32.3 | (2.29) | 43 | 20.4 | (2.06) | 11.7 | (1.47) | 5.4 | (1.07) | 3.3 | (0.78) | ||||||||||
Other | 31.1 | (2.78) | 17.2 | (2.34) | 5.0 | (1.35) | 14.3 | (2.12) | 6.1 | (1.30) | 2.7 | ! | (0.86) | 6.9 | (1.63) | 27 | 35.2 | (6.00) | 6 | 21.7 | (5.11) | 7.6 | ! | (3.74) | 8.2 | ! | (2.56) | ‡ | (†) | |||||||
Age | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
15 to 23 | 33.6 | (0.41) | 21.3 | (0.38) | 6.5 | (0.28) | 16.0 | (0.34) | 6.4 | (0.22) | 2.5 | (0.13) | 8.2 | (0.22) | 5,247 | 34.5 | (0.46) | 1,152 | 22.0 | (0.42) | 10.0 | (0.33) | 7.4 | (0.24) | 4.6 | (0.21) | ||||||||||
24 to 29 | 34.9 | (1.02) | 15.9 | (0.78) | 4.3 | (0.40) | 12.8 | (0.65) | 4.0 | (0.40) | 2.1 | (0.27) | 5.0 | (0.55) | 1,460 | 39.5 | (0.96) | 282 | 19.3 | (0.86) | 9.0 | (0.65) | 6.0 | (0.49) | 4.4 | (0.46) | ||||||||||
30 or older | 37.4 | (0.86) | 15.6 | (0.51) | 4.5 | (0.35) | 12.1 | (0.51) | 4.4 | (0.32) | 2.1 | (0.21) | 4.6 | (0.31) | 2,032 | 37.9 | (0.83) | 309 | 15.2 | (0.67) | 7.4 | (0.45) | 4.2 | (0.32) | 3.6 | (0.36) | ||||||||||
Attendance status | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Exclusively full-time | 31.3 | (0.46) | 19.0 | (0.37) | 5.7 | (0.22) | 14.0 | (0.35) | 5.6 | (0.22) | 2.6 | (0.15) | 7.5 | (0.23) | 4,145 | 31.4 | (0.53) | 799 | 19.3 | (0.45) | 8.6 | (0.30) | 6.2 | (0.30) | 4.5 | (0.22) | ||||||||||
Exclusively part-time | 37.4 | (0.65) | 17.9 | (0.51) | 5.3 | (0.31) | 14.0 | (0.46) | 5.0 | (0.28) | 2.0 | (0.16) | 5.6 | (0.28) | 3,583 | 39.8 | (0.70) | 679 | 18.9 | (0.59) | 9.3 | (0.35) | 5.8 | (0.34) | 3.9 | (0.30) | ||||||||||
Mixed full- and part-time | 40.9 | (0.96) | 23.5 | (0.84) | 7.1 | (0.56) | 18.6 | (0.79) | 7.1 | (0.47) | 2.1 | (0.25) | 8.3 | (0.45) | 1,011 | 42.5 | (0.98) | 265 | 26.2 | (0.93) | 11.6 | (0.61) | 9.4 | (0.52) | 5.3 | (0.48) | ||||||||||
Student housing status | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
On-campus | 24.5 | (0.70) | 16.8 | (0.56) | 4.8 | (0.30) | 11.3 | (0.49) | 4.8 | (0.31) | 2.4 | (0.27) | 8.2 | (0.40) | 1,021 | 23.2 | (0.84) | 175 | 17.1 | (0.76) | 8.8 | (0.60) | 5.1 | (0.41) | 3.2 | (0.30) | ||||||||||
Off-campus | 35.8 | (0.59) | 16.9 | (0.40) | 5.1 | (0.30) | 13.3 | (0.35) | 4.6 | (0.22) | 2.3 | (0.15) | 5.5 | (0.28) | 4,588 | 37.2 | (0.57) | 813 | 17.7 | (0.48) | 8.4 | (0.32) | 5.3 | (0.25) | 4.0 | (0.26) | ||||||||||
With parents or relatives | 37.6 | (0.60) | 24.2 | (0.59) | 7.1 | (0.37) | 18.3 | (0.52) | 7.6 | (0.35) | 2.5 | (0.20) | 8.6 | (0.36) | 2,578 | 39.4 | (0.77) | 643 | 24.9 | (0.64) | 10.8 | (0.48) | 8.8 | (0.41) | 5.3 | (0.35) | ||||||||||
Attended more than one institution |
36.5 | (1.18) | 18.3 | (0.99) | 6.4 | (0.58) | 14.5 | (0.98) | 5.0 | (0.48) | 2.2 | (0.32) | 6.3 | (0.48) | 552 | 36.1 | (1.13) | 112 | 20.3 | (0.99) | 9.6 | (0.74) | 6.4 | (0.50) | 4.3 | (0.43) | ||||||||||
Dependency status | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dependent | 33.3 | (0.45) | 21.9 | (0.40) | 6.6 | (0.27) | 16.3 | (0.35) | 6.5 | (0.24) | 2.5 | (0.14) | 8.6 | (0.23) | 4,466 | 34.3 | (0.50) | 1,016 | 22.8 | (0.46) | 10.3 | (0.36) | 7.5 | (0.26) | 4.9 | (0.24) | ||||||||||
Independent | 36.3 | (0.62) | 16.1 | (0.39) | 4.8 | (0.27) | 12.7 | (0.37) | 4.5 | (0.23) | 2.2 | (0.15) | 5.0 | (0.27) | 4,272 | 38.0 | (0.59) | 727 | 17.0 | (0.50) | 8.1 | (0.33) | 5.2 | (0.29) | 3.7 | (0.25) | ||||||||||
Veteran status | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Veteran | 35.8 | (2.32) | 13.2 | (1.52) | 1.9 | (0.51) | 9.8 | (1.40) | 3.1 | (0.68) | 1.1 | ! | (0.33) | 4.3 | (0.84) | 286 | 35.9 | (2.37) | 49 | 17.1 | (2.09) | 10.9 | (1.57) | 3.7 | (0.85) | 2.5 | ! | (1.26) | ||||||||
Not veteran | 34.7 | (0.39) | 19.3 | (0.30) | 5.8 | (0.22) | 14.7 | (0.27) | 5.6 | (0.18) | 2.4 | (0.11) | 6.9 | (0.18) | 8,452 | 36.1 | (0.38) | 1,694 | 20.0 | (0.35) | 9.2 | (0.23) | 6.5 | (0.19) | 4.4 | (0.18) | ||||||||||
Field of study | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Business/management | 36.3 | (0.98) | 19.5 | (0.95) | 5.5 | (0.41) | 14.6 | (0.99) | 6.0 | (0.44) | 2.3 | (0.35) | 7.3 | (0.60) | 1,202 | 37.0 | (1.13) | 260 | 21.6 | (1.04) | 10.2 | (0.67) | 6.4 | (0.57) | 5.1 | (0.60) | ||||||||||
Computer science | 33.7 | (1.59) | 19.1 | (1.37) | 4.7 | (0.66) | 14.6 | (1.26) | 5.3 | (0.82) | 2.1 | (0.46) | 5.6 | (0.73) | 321 | 34.4 | (2.25) | 63 | 19.6 | (1.74) | 8.6 | (1.25) | 6.8 | (1.22) | 4.1 | (0.76) | ||||||||||
Education | 41.1 | (1.58) | 22.9 | (1.13) | 6.3 | (0.74) | 17.4 | (1.0) | 6.3 | (0.72) | 2.0 | (0.42) | 8.7 | (0.86) | 372 | 40.5 | (1.91) | 85 | 22.9 | (1.48) | 10.5 | (1.13) | 7.1 | (0.75) | 5.2 | (0.84) | ||||||||||
Engineering | 30.3 | (1.81) | 16.2 | (1.42) | 5.4 | (0.79) | 12.7 | (1.25) | 4.7 | (0.76) | 2.4 | (0.56) | 6.6 | (0.91) | 388 | 33.2 | (1.77) | 73 | 18.9 | (1.55) | 8.4 | (1.36) | 6.3 | (0.88) | 4.2 | (0.75) | ||||||||||
Health | 36.9 | (0.82) | 19.6 | (0.67) | 6.1 | (0.48) | 15.4 | (0.62) | 5.7 | (0.43) | 2.7 | (0.26) | 6.2 | (0.49) | 1,489 | 38.3 | (0.94) | 279 | 18.8 | (0.83) | 8.8 | (0.64) | 5.5 | (0.46) | 4.5 | (0.44) | ||||||||||
Humanities | 34.1 | (1.28) | 18.9 | (0.94) | 5.7 | (0.46) | 14.3 | (0.88) | 5.0 | (0.52) | 1.7 | (0.23) | 7.3 | (0.52) | 1,408 | 38.5 | (0.95) | 320 | 22.7 | (0.85) | 10.5 | (0.58) | 7.6 | (0.55) | 4.7 | (0.43) | ||||||||||
Life sciences | 31.1 | (1.82) | 19.6 | (1.71) | 5.7 | (1.26) | 14.5 | (1.47) | 5.4 | (1.21) | 2.7 | (0.65) | 8.0 | (1.20) | 299 | 31.2 | (1.91) | 62 | 20.6 | (1.74) | 9.9 | (1.22) | 7.2 | (1.14) | 3.5 | (0.60) | ||||||||||
Mathematics | 23.0 | (5.55) | 11.0 | ! | (4.43) | ‡ | (†) | 9.3 | ! | (4.26) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | 28 | 40.8 | (6.22) | ‡ | 15.4 | ! | (5.13) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | |||||||
Physical sciences | 23.7 | (4.35) | 12.8 | (3.45) | 7.4 | ! | (2.82) | 5.2 | ! | (2.11) | 6.3 | ! | (3.02) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | 45 | 24.2 | (4.43) | ‡ | 14.7 | (3.72) | 6.7 | ! | (2.26) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ||||||
Social/behavioral sciences | 33.2 | (2.06) | 19.3 | (1.57) | 5.5 | (0.90) | 14.5 | (1.38) | 6.5 | (1.0) | 2.6 | (0.54) | 8.6 | (1.04) | 281 | 35.2 | (2.17) | 66 | 23.5 | (1.95) | 12.7 | (1.66) | 6.3 | (0.88) | 4.6 | (0.82) | ||||||||||
Vocational/technical | 38.4 | (2.09) | 18.3 | (1.59) | 5.0 | (0.85) | 14.4 | (1.39) | 5.6 | (1.0) | 2.2 | (0.46) | 4.7 | (0.60) | 297 | 31.4 | (1.90) | 47 | 15.8 | (1.73) | 6.8 | (1.15) | 5.9 | (0.97) | 3.1 | (0.65) | ||||||||||
Undeclared | 33.5 | (0.67) | 19.2 | (0.58) | 5.9 | (0.37) | 14.4 | (0.49) | 5.1 | (0.33) | 2.5 | (0.20) | 7.2 | (0.37) | 1,032 | 35.6 | (1.27) | 204 | 19.8 | (1.13) | 8.9 | (0.66) | 6.7 | (0.69) | 4.2 | (0.50) | ||||||||||
Other | 33.2 | (1.51) | 17.9 | (1.07) | 5.2 | (0.67) | 13.6 | (0.95) | 6.1 | (0.56) | 2.4 | (0.34) | 5.8 | (0.56) | 919 | 34.6 | (1.20) | 168 | 18.3 | (0.96) | 8.2 | (0.74) | 5.9 | (0.59) | 4.2 | (0.50) | ||||||||||
Type of institution | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Public less-than-2-year | 30.6 | (1.85) | 10.9 | (1.09) | 4.8 | (0.80) | 9.4 | (1.05) | 4.0 | (0.86) | 1.4 | ! | (0.58) | 3.9 | (0.90) | 86 | 31.9 | (1.99) | 8 | 9.0 | (0.89) | 4.6 | (1.05) | 0.6 | ! | (0.24) | 3.8 | (0.65) | ||||||||
Public 2-year | 41.4 | (0.59) | 23.0 | (0.47) | 6.9 | (0.33) | 18.3 | (0.42) | 7.1 | (0.28) | 2.4 | (0.15) | 7.2 | (0.27) | 4,921 | 41.8 | (0.54) | 1,165 | 23.7 | (0.48) | 10.7 | (0.33) | 7.9 | (0.28) | 5.1 | (0.26) | ||||||||||
Public 4-year nondoctorate | 34.1 | (1.75) | 21.3 | (1.11) | 5.3 | (0.60) | 16.3 | (1.04) | 5.2 | (0.55) | 1.9 | (0.28) | 8.5 | (0.62) | 663 | 38.9 | (1.23) | 169 | 25.4 | (1.12) | 12.0 | (0.76) | 8.9 | (0.63) | 4.5 | (0.56) | ||||||||||
Public 4-year doctorate | 25.7 | (1.11) | 16.3 | (0.63) | 4.4 | (0.34) | 11.6 | (0.60) | 3.9 | (0.39) | 2.6 | (0.27) | 8.1 | (0.42) | 794 | 25.0 | (1.03) | 141 | 17.8 | (0.85) | 10.4 | (0.66) | 4.7 | (0.41) | 2.7 | (0.31) | ||||||||||
Private nonprofit less- than-4-year |
30.8 | (1.87) | 12.6 | (1.69) | 4.2 | (0.93) | 10.1 | (1.33) | 2.7 | (0.71) | 2.3 | ! | (0.73) | 4.8 | (1.14) | 53 | 32.6 | (3.07) | 6 | 10.6 | (2.37) | 4.6 | (1.28) | 1.7 | ! | (0.66) | 4.3 | (0.93) | ||||||||
Private nonprofit 4-year nondoctorate |
25.7 | (1.19) | 14.4 | (0.81) | 5.2 | (0.70) | 9.4 | (0.56) | 3.9 | (0.42) | 2.0 | (0.29) | 6.7 | (0.79) | 398 | 25.9 | (1.73) | 65 | 16.4 | (1.43) | 6.9 | (1.04) | 5.3 | (0.73) | 4.2 | (0.67) | ||||||||||
Private nonprofit 4-year doctorate |
18.4 | (1.64) | 11.7 | (1.37) | 2.5 | (0.53) | 7.5 | (1.34) | 2.9 | (0.56) | 2.2 | ! | (0.67) | 6.3 | (0.90) | 302 | 22.7 | (1.63) | 40 | 13.1 | (1.34) | 6.9 | (1.07) | 3.6 | (0.64) | 2.7 | (0.48) | |||||||||
Private for-profit less-than-2-year |
24.1 | (0.48) | 7.8 | (0.23) | 3.1 | (0.18) | 4.7 | (0.16) | 2.2 | (0.19) | 2.3 | (0.12) | 3.5 | (0.22) | 388 | 26.6 | (0.95) | 22 | 5.7 | (0.47) | 2.2 | (0.35) | 1.4 | (0.24) | 2.1 | (0.23) | ||||||||||
Private for-profit 2 years or more |
25.3 | (1.63) | 11.7 | (1.04) | 4.1 | (0.50) | 7.5 | (0.75) | 3.3 | (0.45) | 2.7 | (0.39) | 4.9 | (0.70) | 1,134 | 28.8 | (1.42) | 129 | 11.3 | (1.16) | 5.0 | (0.81) | 2.8 | (0.69) | 3.5 | (0.63) |
†Not applicable. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 Student status was determined by accumulation of credits. Students attending postsecondary education part time, or not completing the credit accumulation requirements for second-year status, could be considered first-year students for more than one year. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 Data have been revised from previously published figures. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
NOTE: Data are based on a sample survey of students who enrolled at any time during the school year. Data include Puerto Rico. Detail may not sum to totals because of survey item nonresponse and rounding. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2003-04 and 2007-08 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:04 and NPSAS:08). (This table was prepared July 2013.) |