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(39KB)| Table 109. | Percentage of children demonstrating specific cognitive and motor skills at about 2 years of age, by selected characteristics: 2003-04 |
| Selected characteristic | Percentage distribution of population1 | Percent of children demonstrating specific mental skills2 | Percent of children demonstrating specific physical skills2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Receptive vocabulary3 | Expressive vocabulary4 | Listening comprehension5 | Matching/ discrimination6 | Early counting7 | Skillful walking8 | Balance9 | Fine motor control10 | Uses stairs11 | Alternating balance12 | Motor planning13 | ||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | ||||||||||||
| Total | 100.0 | † | 84.5 | (0.38) | 63.9 | (0.53) | 36.6 | (0.42) | 31.9 | (0.39) | 3.9 | (0.14) | 92.6 | (0.20) | 89.4 | (0.33) | 55.5 | (0.48) | 48.1 | (0.41) | 30.0 | (0.47) | 10.2 | (0.21) |
| Sex of child | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Male | 51.1 | (0.21) | 81.4 | (0.56) | 59.2 | (0.76) | 32.9 | (0.58) | 28.4 | (0.53) | 3.0 | (0.16) | 92.0 | (0.26) | 88.4 | (0.43) | 54.2 | (0.52) | 46.9 | (0.44) | 28.7 | (0.47) | 9.6 | (0.20) |
| Female | 48.9 | (0.21) | 87.8 | (0.38) | 68.8 | (0.59) | 40.6 | (0.50) | 35.5 | (0.48) | 4.8 | (0.20) | 93.2 | (0.20) | 90.5 | (0.32) | 56.8 | (0.53) | 49.3 | (0.47) | 31.3 | (0.55) | 10.9 | (0.26) |
| Race/ethnicity of child | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| White | 54.7 | (0.60) | 88.7 | (0.40) | 70.8 | (0.63) | 42.2 | (0.52) | 37.1 | (0.49) | 5.2 | (0.21) | 92.8 | (0.23) | 89.9 | (0.38) | 55.8 | (0.58) | 48.4 | (0.50) | 30.2 | (0.59) | 10.4 | (0.26) |
| Black | 13.4 | (0.29) | 79.4 | (0.93) | 55.7 | (1.18) | 29.9 | (0.86) | 25.5 | (0.75) | 2.2 | (0.21) | 93.3 | (0.40) | 90.6 | (0.66) | 58.0 | (0.94) | 50.2 | (0.79) | 32.5 | (0.87) | 11.2 | (0.37) |
| Hispanic | 24.5 | (0.45) | 78.3 | (0.99) | 53.7 | (1.19) | 28.2 | (0.83) | 24.1 | (0.73) | 1.9 | (0.16) | 91.6 | (0.42) | 87.9 | (0.69) | 53.5 | (0.76) | 46.3 | (0.65) | 28.2 | (0.66) | 9.4 | (0.27) |
| Asian | 2.7 | (0.10) | 82.6 | (1.24) | 62.0 | (1.41) | 35.4 | (0.94) | 30.7 | (0.83) | 3.7 | (0.27) | 92.4 | (0.40) | 89.2 | (0.66) | 54.8 | (0.92) | 47.5 | (0.73) | 29.3 | (0.77) | 9.9 | (0.29) |
| Pacific Islander | 0.2 | (0.05) | 78.9 | (4.10) | 54.2 | (5.76) | 27.8 | (4.24) | 23.2 | (3.56) | 1.1 | (0.36) | 92.8 | (1.32) | 90.0 | (2.26) | 54.0 | (3.94) | 46.5 | (2.95) | 27.3 | (3.18) | 8.9 | (1.21) |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 0.5 | (0.06) | 74.9 | (4.02) | 49.9 | (4.18) | 25.5 | (2.70) | 21.7 | (2.24) | 1.4 | (0.28) | 92.3 | (0.71) | 89.0 | (1.30) | 55.0 | (1.16) | 47.8 | (0.92) | 29.8 | (1.07) | 10.2 | (0.46) |
| More than one race | 3.9 | (0.29) | 85.0 | (0.98) | 64.5 | (1.60) | 37.0 | (1.36) | 32.2 | (1.35) | 3.7 | (0.57) | 92.4 | (0.53) | 89.1 | (0.92) | 54.5 | (1.30) | 47.2 | (1.07) | 28.9 | (1.19) | 9.7 | (0.53) |
| Age of child | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 22 months | 2.0 | (0.30) | 78.1 | (2.15) | 53.1 | (2.77) | 28.4 | (2.34) | 24.5 | (2.31) | 2.9 | (1.01) | 90.9 | (1.68) | 86.5 | (2.78) | 53.4 | (3.05) | 46.5 | (2.70) | 29.2 | (2.77) | 10.6 | (1.58) |
| 23 months | 42.3 | (1.22) | 81.9 | (0.54) | 60.1 | (0.66) | 33.4 | (0.47) | 28.8 | (0.41) | 2.9 | (0.13) | 92.2 | (0.27) | 88.7 | (0.45) | 54.3 | (0.59) | 47.0 | (0.49) | 28.8 | (0.53) | 9.7 | (0.22) |
| 24 months | 42.0 | (1.02) | 86.5 | (0.42) | 66.9 | (0.65) | 39.1 | (0.56) | 34.3 | (0.54) | 4.6 | (0.23) | 92.9 | (0.22) | 90.0 | (0.37) | 56.1 | (0.57) | 48.6 | (0.48) | 30.4 | (0.57) | 10.4 | (0.25) |
| 25 months | 13.7 | (0.54) | 87.4 | (0.58) | 68.3 | (0.91) | 40.3 | (0.78) | 35.4 | (0.77) | 5.0 | (0.35) | 93.0 | (0.35) | 90.2 | (0.56) | 57.5 | (0.79) | 50.0 | (0.68) | 32.4 | (0.81) | 11.4 | (0.40) |
| Primary type of care arrangement14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| No regular nonparental arrangement | 50.8 | (0.75) | 83.4 | (0.50) | 62.0 | (0.70) | 34.8 | (0.56) | 30.2 | (0.52) | 3.3 | (0.17) | 92.2 | (0.26) | 88.8 | (0.43) | 54.5 | (0.55) | 47.2 | (0.47) | 29.0 | (0.52) | 9.7 | (0.22) |
| Home-based care | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Relative care15 | 18.6 | (0.63) | 83.2 | (0.70) | 61.6 | (1.04) | 34.7 | (0.84) | 30.1 | (0.78) | 3.6 | (0.29) | 92.7 | (0.30) | 89.7 | (0.49) | 55.8 | (0.79) | 48.3 | (0.67) | 30.1 | (0.77) | 10.3 | (0.35) |
| Nonrelative care16 | 14.5 | (0.57) | 86.7 | (0.72) | 67.7 | (1.00) | 39.8 | (0.81) | 34.8 | (0.76) | 4.4 | (0.29) | 93.3 | (0.27) | 90.6 | (0.46) | 57.1 | (0.73) | 49.5 | (0.63) | 31.5 | (0.74) | 10.8 | (0.35) |
| Center-based care17 | 15.6 | (0.51) | 87.5 | (0.69) | 69.4 | (0.99) | 41.6 | (0.84) | 36.7 | (0.82) | 5.5 | (0.47) | 93.0 | (0.31) | 90.2 | (0.50) | 56.9 | (0.70) | 49.5 | (0.61) | 31.8 | (0.74) | 11.2 | (0.37) |
| Multiple arrangements18 | 0.5 | (0.09) | 81.7 | (5.66) | 63.1 | (7.07) | 38.0 | (5.92) | 33.8 | (5.68) | 6.2 | (2.87) | 91.3 | (1.70) | 87.1 | (2.97) | 52.4 | (3.41) | 45.8 | (2.92) | 27.9 | (3.29) | 9.8 | (1.62) |
| Parents' highest level of education | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less than high school | 12.2 | (0.38) | 76.5 | (0.97) | 50.4 | (1.28) | 25.4 | (0.92) | 21.5 | (0.78) | 1.2 | (0.13) | 91.2 | (0.43) | 87.2 | (0.71) | 52.7 | (0.84) | 45.6 | (0.69) | 27.4 | (0.71) | 9.0 | (0.28) |
| High school completion | 26.6 | (0.50) | 81.9 | (0.61) | 58.8 | (0.86) | 32.0 | (0.66) | 27.4 | (0.61) | 2.5 | (0.17) | 92.4 | (0.31) | 89.2 | (0.50) | 55.2 | (0.69) | 47.8 | (0.59) | 29.7 | (0.65) | 10.0 | (0.27) |
| Some college/vocational | 28.3 | (0.52) | 84.5 | (0.61) | 64.1 | (0.86) | 36.7 | (0.70) | 31.8 | (0.66) | 3.6 | (0.21) | 92.6 | (0.29) | 89.4 | (0.49) | 55.6 | (0.67) | 48.2 | (0.57) | 30.2 | (0.64) | 10.4 | (0.29) |
| Bachelor's degree | 17.5 | (0.46) | 88.5 | (0.66) | 71.0 | (1.11) | 42.5 | (0.99) | 37.4 | (0.98) | 5.3 | (0.47) | 93.2 | (0.31) | 90.5 | (0.52) | 56.6 | (0.79) | 49.1 | (0.67) | 30.9 | (0.78) | 10.7 | (0.37) |
| Graduate degree | 15.4 | (0.39) | 90.4 | (0.60) | 74.7 | (0.93) | 46.5 | (0.79) | 41.4 | (0.78) | 7.1 | (0.37) | 93.0 | (0.36) | 90.2 | (0.61) | 56.5 | (0.80) | 48.9 | (0.68) | 30.8 | (0.77) | 10.6 | (0.35) |
| Poverty status19 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Below poverty threshold | 23.0 | (0.80) | 78.7 | (0.85) | 54.6 | (1.11) | 29.0 | (0.81) | 24.8 | (0.72) | 2.1 | (0.18) | 91.8 | (0.32) | 88.1 | (0.53) | 54.1 | (0.70) | 46.8 | (0.60) | 28.8 | (0.67) | 9.6 | (0.28) |
| At or above poverty threshold | 77.0 | (0.80) | 86.2 | (0.37) | 66.7 | (0.53) | 38.9 | (0.44) | 34.0 | (0.42) | 4.4 | (0.18) | 92.8 | (0.21) | 89.8 | (0.35) | 55.9 | (0.53) | 48.4 | (0.45) | 30.3 | (0.51) | 10.4 | (0.23) |
| Socioeconomic status20 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lowest 20 percent | 19.0 | (0.53) | 77.3 | (0.87) | 51.6 | (1.11) | 26.4 | (0.81) | 22.5 | (0.71) | 1.6 | (0.20) | 91.7 | (0.34) | 88.0 | (0.57) | 53.6 | (0.74) | 46.4 | (0.63) | 28.2 | (0.68) | 9.4 | (0.28) |
| Middle 60 percent | 60.4 | (0.75) | 84.5 | (0.48) | 63.9 | (0.68) | 36.4 | (0.55) | 31.5 | (0.51) | 3.5 | (0.17) | 92.5 | (0.24) | 89.4 | (0.40) | 55.5 | (0.59) | 48.1 | (0.51) | 30.0 | (0.58) | 10.2 | (0.26) |
| Highest 20 percent | 20.5 | (0.55) | 91.1 | (0.44) | 75.4 | (0.80) | 46.7 | (0.70) | 41.5 | (0.70) | 7.0 | (0.38) | 93.4 | (0.24) | 90.8 | (0.41) | 57.2 | (0.65) | 49.5 | (0.55) | 31.5 | (0.64) | 10.9 | (0.29) |
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1 Distribution of weighted Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort survey population between 22 and 25 months of age with data on primary care arrangements. 2 Based on assessments collected using the Bayley Short Form Research Edition (BSF-R), a shortened field method of administering the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II (BSID-II) (Bayley 1993). The scores are fully equated with the BSID-II. The proficiency probabilities indicate mastery of a specific skill or ability within mental or physical domains. 3 Ability to recognize and understand spoken words or to indicate a named object by pointing. 4 Verbal expressiveness using gestures, words, and sentences. 5 Ability to understand actions depicted by a story, in pictures, or by verbal instructions. 6 Ability to match objects by their properties (e.g., color) or differentiate one object from another. 7 Knowledge of counting words, knowledge of ordinality, and understanding of simple quantities. 8 Ability to walk independently. 9 Ability to maintain balance when changing position. 10 Ability to use fine motor control with hands, such as grasping a pencil or holding a piece of paper while scribbling. 11 Ability to walk up and down stairs, with and without alternating feet. 12 Ability to maintain balance when changing position or when in motion, such as jumping. 13 Ability to anticipate, regulate, and execute motor movements, such as being able to attempt to replicate the motions of others. 14 The type of nonparental care in which the child spent the most hours. 15 Care provided in the child's home or in another private home by a relative (excluding parents). 16 Care provided in the child's home or in another private home by a person unrelated to the child. 17 Care provided in places such as early learning centers, nursery schools, and preschools, including Head Start. 18 Children who spent an equal amount of time in each of two or more arrangements. 19 Poverty status based on Census Bureau guidelines from 2002, which identify a dollar amount determined to meet a household's needs, given its size and composition. In 2002, a family of four was considered to live below the poverty threshold if its income was less than or equal to $18,392. 20 Socioeconomic status (SES) was measured by a composite score on parental education and occupations, and family income. NOTE: Estimates weighted by W2R0. Estimates pertain to children assessed between 22 months and 25 months of age. Children younger than 22 months (less than 1 percent of the survey population) and children older than 25 months (approximately 9 percent of the survey population) are excluded from this table. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Standard errors appear in parentheses. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort, Longitudinal 9-month-2-year Restricted-Use Data File and Longitudinal 9-month-Preschool Restricted-Use Data File. (This table was prepared September 2007.) |
