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Preprimary, Elementary, and Secondary Education

Public Charter School Enrollment

Last Updated: May 2022
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Between fall 2009 and fall 2019, overall public charter school enrollment increased from 1.6 million students to 3.4 million students and the number of public charter schools increased from approximately 5,000 to 7,500. During this period, the percentage of public school students who attended charter schools increased from 3 to 7 percent.

A public charter school is a publicly funded school that is typically governed by a group or organization under a legislative contract—a charter—with the state, the district, or another entity. The charter exempts the school from certain state or local rules and regulations. In return for flexibility and autonomy, the charter school must meet the accountability standards outlined in its charter. A school’s charter is reviewed periodically by the entity that granted it and can be revoked if the conditions of the charter are not met.1 Between school years 2009–10 and 2019–20, the number of public charter schools in the United States (defined in this indicator as the 50 states and the District of Columbia) increased from approximately 5,000 to 7,500. Meanwhile, the number of traditional public schools decreased from 93,900 to 90,900. Accordingly, the percentage of all public schools that were charter schools increased from 5 to 8 percent.

Select a subgroup characteristic from the drop-down menu below to view relevant text and figures.

All available findings Level of institution Racial composition Size Socioeconomic status (SES) State Time series
Figure 1. Public charter school enrollment, by school level: Fall 2009 through fall 2019
Figure 1. Public charter school enrollment, by school level: Fall 2009 through fall 2019

1 Prekindergarten schools are defined as schools that offer grade prekindergarten only. Elementary schools are defined as schools that offer more of grades K–4 than higher grades.

2 Middle schools are defined as schools that offer more of grades 5–8 than higher or lower grades. Secondary/high schools are defined as schools that offer more of grades 9–12 than lower grades.

3 Other schools are defined as schools that offer all other combinations of grades, including K–12 schools. Ungraded schools are defined as schools that offer ungraded education only.

NOTE: Data in this figure represent the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,” 2009–10 through 2019–20. See Digest of Education Statistics 2021, table 216.20.

Between fall 2009 and fall 2019, public charter school enrollment more than doubled, from 1.6 million students in fall 2009 to 3.4 million students in fall 2019—an overall increase of 1.8 million students. In contrast, the number of students attending traditional public schools decreased by 0.5 million between fall 2009 and fall 2019. Accordingly, the percentage of all public school students who attended public charter schools increased from 3 to 7 percent over this period. [Time series ]
The number of students enrolled in public charter schools increased at all school levels between fall 2009 and fall 2019, though the distribution across levels varied over time. The percentage of charter school students enrolled in prekindergarten and elementary schools was 44 percent in both fall 2009 and fall 2019.2 Meanwhile, the percentage of charter school students enrolled in middle, secondary, and high schools decreased from 33 to 30 percent over this period.3 The percentage enrolled in other and ungraded schools increased from 24 to 26 percent.4 [Time series ] [Level of institution ]
Figure 2. Percentage of all public school students enrolled in public charter schools, categorized into specific ranges, by state: Fall 2019
Figure 2. Percentage of all public school students enrolled in public charter schools, categorized into specific ranges, by state: Fall 2019

# Rounds to zero.

NOTE: U.S. average in this figure represents the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Categorizations are based on unrounded percentages.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,” 2019–20. See Digest of Education Statistics 2021, table 216.90.

The first law allowing the establishment of public charter schools was passed in Minnesota in 1991.5 As of fall 2019, forty-five states and the District of Columbia had passed public charter school legislation.6 The states in which public charter school legislation had not been passed by that time were Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Vermont. [State]
Of the 46 states/jurisdictions with legislative approval for public charter schools as of fall 2019, the District of Columbia had the highest percentage of public school students enrolled in charter schools (43 percent), followed by Arizona (19 percent). In an additional eight states, 10 percent or more of public school students were enrolled in charter schools. These states were Colorado, Louisiana, Delaware, Florida, Utah, Nevada, California, and Michigan. Nine states, however, had less than 1 percent of their public school students enrolled in public charter schools in fall 2019. These states were Wyoming, Kansas, Mississippi, Washington, Alabama, Virginia, Iowa, West Virginia, and Kentucky. [State]
Of the additional 1.8 million students enrolled in public charter schools between fall 2009 and fall 2019, about half (0.9 million) were enrolled in charter schools in California, Texas, Florida, and New York. Of the 44 states with any students enrolled in charter schools in fall 2019, charter school enrollment was higher in fall 2019 than in fall 2009 for 42 states. Charter school enrollment was lower in fall 2019 than in fall 2009 in Iowa and Kansas. [Time series ] [State]
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of public charter school students, by race/ethnicity: Fall 2009 and fall 2019
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of public charter school students, by race/ethnicity: Fall 2009 and fall 2019

# Rounds to zero.

NOTE: Data in this figure represent the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Although rounded numbers are displayed, the figures are based on unrounded data. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), "Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey," 2009–10 and 2019–20. See Digest of Education Statistics 2021, table 216.30.

Between fall 2009 and fall 2019, trends in the demographic composition of public charter schools were similar to those seen in public schools overall. (For more information, see the indicator Racial/Ethnic Enrollment in Public Schools.) The percentage of public charter school students who were Hispanic increased (from 26 to 35 percent), as did the percentages of those who were of Two or more races (from 1 to 4 percent) and Asian (rounded to 4 percent in both years).7 In contrast, the percentage of public charter school students who were White decreased (from 37 to 30 percent), as did the percentages of those who were Black (from 30 to 25 percent) and American Indian/Alaska Native (rounded to 1 percent in both years).8 There was no measurable change in the percentage of public charter students who were Pacific Islander students between fall 2009 and fall 2019 (less than 1 percent in both years). [Time series ] [Racial composition]
Schools in which more than 75 percent of students qualify for free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL) under the National School Lunch Program are considered high-poverty schools.9 Those in which 25 percent or less of students qualify for FRPL are considered low-poverty schools. In fall 2019, some 34 percent of public charter school students attended high-poverty schools, which was higher than the 24 percent of traditional public school students who attended high-poverty schools. The percentage of students attending low-poverty schools was lower for public charter school students (17 percent) than for traditional public school students (21 percent).10 [Socioeconomic status (SES) ]
Figure 4. Percentage distribution of public charter schools, by enrollment size: School years 2009–10 and 2019–20
Figure 4. Percentage distribution of public charter schools, by enrollment size: School years 2009–10 and 2019–20

NOTE: Data in this figure represent the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,” 2009–10 and 2019–20. See Digest of Education Statistics 2021, table 216.30.

The average enrollment size of public charter schools increased between 2009–10 and 2019–20. The percentages of public charter schools with 300–499, 500–999, and 1,000 or more students each increased, while the percentage of public charter schools with fewer than 300 students decreased. [Time series ] [Size]

1 Rafa, A., Erwin, B., Kelly, B., and Wixom, M.A. (2020). 50-State Comparison: Charter School Policies. Denver, CO: Education Commission of the States. Retrieved December 7, 2021, from https://www.ecs.org/charter-school-policies/.

2 Prekindergarten schools are defined as schools that offer prekindergarten only. Elementary schools are defined as schools that offer more of grades K–4 than higher grades.

3 Middle schools are defined as schools that offer more of grades 5–8 than higher or lower grades. Secondary/high schools are defined as schools that offer more of grades 9–12 than lower grades.

4 Other schools are defined as schools that offer all other combinations of grades, including K–12 schools. Ungraded schools are defined as schools that offer ungraded education only.

5 Finnigan, K., Adelman, N., Anderson, L., Cotton, L., Donnelly, M.B., and Price, T. (2004). Evaluation of the Public Charter Schools Program: Final Report. U.S. Department of Education, Office of the Deputy Secretary. Washington, DC: Policy and Program Studies Service. Retrieved December 7, 2021, from https://www2.ed.gov/rschstat/eval/choice/pcsp-final/finalreport.pdf.

6 Rafa, A., Erwin, B., Kelly, B., and Wixom, M.A. (2020). 50-State Comparison: Charter School Policies. Denver, CO: Education Commission of the States. Retrieved December 7, 2021, from https://www.ecs.org/charter-school-policies/.

7 The percentage of public charter school students who were Asian increased from 3.8 percent in fall 2009 to 4.2 percent in fall 2019.

8 The percentage of public charter school students who were American Indian/Alaska Native decreased from 1.0 percent in fall 2009 to 0.8 percent in fall 2019.

9 Includes students whose National School Lunch Program eligibility has been determined through direct certification.

10 In fall 2019, some 9 percent of public charter school students and less than 1 percent of traditional public school students attended schools that did not participate in free or reduced-price lunch or had missing data.

Supplemental Information

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Table 216.10 (Digest 2021): Number of public elementary and secondary schools, by school level, type, and charter, magnet, and virtual status: 2009-10 through 2019-20;
Table 216.20 (Digest 2021): Enrollment of public elementary and secondary schools, by school level, type, and charter, magnet, and virtual status: Selected years, 2009-10 through 2019-20;
Table 216.30 (Digest 2021): Number and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary students and schools, by traditional or charter school status and selected characteristics: 2009-10 and 2019-20;
Table 216.90 (Digest 2021): Public elementary and secondary charter schools and enrollment, and charter schools and enrollment as a percentage of total public schools and total enrollment in public schools, by state: Selected years, 2000-01 through 2019-20;
Table 216.30 (Digest 2020): Number and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary students and schools, by traditional or charter school status and selected characteristics: Selected years, 1999-2000 through 2018-19;
Table 216.30 (Digest 2019): Number and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary students and schools, by traditional or charter school status and selected characteristics: Selected years, 1999-2000 through 2017-18;
Table 216.30 (Digest 2018): Number and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary students and schools, by traditional or charter school status and selected characteristics: Selected years, 2000-01 through 2016-17;
Table 216.30 (Digest 2017): Number and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary students and schools, by traditional or charter school status and selected characteristics: Selected years, 2000-01 through 2015-16;
Table 216.30 (Digest 2016): Number and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary students and schools, by traditional or charter school status and selected characteristics: Selected years, 1999-2000 through 2014-15;
Table 216.90 (Digest 2016): Public elementary and secondary charter schools and enrollment, by state: Selected years, 1999-2000 through 2014-15
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Elementary school Enrollment Free or reduced-price lunch Middle school National School Lunch Program Other/ungraded school Prekindergarten school Public charter school Public school or institution Racial/ethnic group Secondary/High school Student membership Traditional public school
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Charter School Enrollment - January 2013
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Suggested Citation

National Center for Education Statistics. (2022). Public Charter School Enrollment. Condition of Education. U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved [date], from https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/cgb.
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