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NAEP Analysis and Scaling → Estimation of NAEP Score Scales → Treatment of Items in NAEP to Avoid Violations of Assumptions → Results of NAEP Differential Item Functioning (DIF) Analyses → Number of Items by Severity of Differential Item Functioning (DIF), U.S. History National Assessment: 2018

NAEP Technical DocumentationNumber of Items by Severity of Differential Item Functioning (DIF) in the U.S. History National Assessment

For dichotomously scored items, NAEP categorizes each item into one of three categories: "A" (items exhibiting no DIF), "B" (items exhibiting a weak indication of DIF), or "C" (items exhibiting a strong indication of DIF). A plus sign (+) indicates that items are differentially easier for the focal group (female, Black, or Hispanic students) than for the reference group (male or White students) after making an adjustment for the overall level of proficiency in the two groups. A minus sign (-) indicates that items are differentially more difficult for the focal group than for the reference group. For polytomously scored items, NAEP categorizes items into "AA," "BB," or "CC" categories and the plus or minus sign has the same interpretation as for dichotomously scored items. After reviewing "C" and "CC" items, subject area specialists decided that no items were biased, so none were deleted from the scale for this reason.

Number of dichotomously scored items, U.S. history DBA national assessment, by differential item functioning (DIF) group, grade, and DIF category: 2018

Grade	DIF category	Female/Male	Black/White	Hispanic/White
8	C-	2	0	0
	B-	5	0	0
	A	122	0	130
	B+	5	0	6
	C+	3	0	1
NOTE: DBA = Digitally based assessment. In 2018, grades 4 and 12 were not assessed. The table includes all items in the assessment (the prescaling decisions). SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 2018 U.S. History Assessment.

Number of dichotomously scored items, U.S. history PBA national assessment, by differential item functioning (DIF) group, grade, and DIF category: 2018

Grade	DIF category	Female/Male	Black/White	Hispanic/White
8	C-	0	0	0
	B-	7	0	3
	A	106	0	106
	B+	5	0	8
	C+	0	0	1
NOTE: PBA = Paper-based assessment. In 2018, grades 4 and 12 were not assessed. The table includes all items in the assessment (the prescaling decisions). SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 2018 U.S. History Assessment.

Number of polytomously scored items, U.S. history DBA national assessment, by differential item functioning (DIF) group, grade, and DIF category: 2018

Grade	DIF category	Female/Male	Black/White	Hispanic/White
8	CC-	3	0	1
	BB-	3	0	2
	AA	43	0	52
	BB+	6	0	2
	CC+	3	0	1
NOTE: DBA = Digitally based assessment. In 2018, grades 4 and 12 were not assessed. The table includes all items in the assessment (the prescaling decisions). SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 2018 U.S. History Assessment.

Number of polytomously scored items, U.S. history PBA national assessment, by differential item functioning (DIF) group, grade, and DIF category: 2018

Grade	DIF category	Female/Male	Black/White	Hispanic/White
8	CC-	1	0	1
	BB-	2	0	2
	AA	42	0	43
	BB+	1	0	1
	CC+	1	0	0
NOTE: PBA = Paper-based assessment. In 2018, grades 4 and 12 were not assessed. The table includes all items in the assessment (the prescaling decisions). SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 2018 U.S. History Assessment.

Items identified as "C" items in at least one comparison, U.S. history DBA national assessment, by grade, block, and subscale: 2018

Grade	Block	Item	Subscale	Comparison	Group favored
8	H1	H036702	Culture	Female/Male	Female
	H2	H059601	Technology	Female/Male	Male
	H4	H071701	Technology	Hispanic/White	Hispanic
	H5	H084401	Culture	Female/Male	Female
	H6	H042601	Democracy	Female/Male	Female
	H9	H099501	Culture	Female/Male	Male
NOTE: DBA = Digitally based assessment. In 2018, grades 4 and 12 were not assessed. The block naming conventions used in this table are described in the document 2018 Block Naming Conventions in Data Products and TDW . SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 2018 U.S. History Assessment.

Items identified as "C" items in at least one comparison, U.S. history PBA national assessment, by grade, block, and subscale: 2018

Grade	Block	Item	Subscale	Comparison	Group favored
8	H11	H071701	Technology	Hispanic/White	Hispanic
NOTE: PBA = Paper-based assessment. In 2018, grades 4 and 12 were not assessed. The block naming conventions used in this table are described in the document 2018 Block Naming Conventions in Data Products and TDW . SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 2018 U.S. History Assessment.

Items identified as "CC" items in at least one comparison, U.S. history DBA national assessment, by grade, block, and subscale: 2018

Grade	Block	Item	Subscale	Comparison	Group favored
8	H1	H036402	Technology	Female/Male	Female
	H2	H059701	Technology	Hispanic/White	White
	H2	H059201	Democracy	Female/Male	Female
	H5	H073001	Culture	Female/Male	Male
	H6	H0429CL	World role	Female/Male	Male
	H7	H105801	Culture	Female/Male	Male
	H8	H1056MS	Culture	Hispanic/White	Hispanic
	H8	H101801	Culture	Female/Male	Female
NOTE: DBA = Digitally based assessment. In 2018, grades 4 and 12 were not assessed. The block naming conventions used in this table are described in the document 2018 Block Naming Conventions in Data Products and TDW . SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 2018 U.S. History Assessment.

Items identified as "CC" items in at least one comparison, U.S. history PBA national assessment, by grade, block, and subscale: 2018

Grade	Block	Item	Subscale	Comparison	Group favored
8	H4	H059001	Democracy	Female/Male	Male
	H4	H059701	Technology	Hispanic/White	White
	H7	H084301	Democracy	Female/Male	Female
NOTE: PBA = Paper-based assessment. In 2018, grades 4 and 12 were not assessed. The block naming conventions used in this table are described in the document 2018 Block Naming Conventions in Data Products and TDW . SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 2018 U.S. History Assessment.