Table 201.10.

Historical summary of public elementary and secondary school statistics: Selected years, 1869–70 through 2010–11

Selected characteristic	1869-70		1879-80	1889-90	1899-1900	1909-10	1919-20	1929-30	1939-40	1949-50	1959-60		1969-70		1979-80		1989-90		1999-2000		2006-07		2007-08		2008-09		2009-10		2010-11
1	2		3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11		12		13		14		15		16		17		18		19		20
Population, pupils, and instructional staff
Total population (in thousands)1	38,558		50,156	62,622	75,995	90,490	104,514	121,878	131,028	149,188	177,830		201,385		225,055		246,819		279,040		298,380		301,231		304,094		306,772		309,326
5- to 17-year-olds (in thousands)1	11,683		15,066	18,473	21,573	24,011	27,571	31,414	30,151	30,223	43,881		52,386		48,043		44,947		52,811		53,819		53,893		53,833		53,890		53,931
5- to 17-year-olds as a percent of total    population	30.3		30.0	29.5	28.4	26.5	26.4	25.8	23.0	20.3	24.7		26.0		21.3		18.2		18.9		18.0		17.9		17.7		17.6		17.4
Total enrollment in elementary and secondary      schools (in thousands)2	7,562	3	9,867	12,723	15,503	17,814	21,578	25,678	25,434	25,112	36,087		45,550		41,651		40,543		46,857		49,316		49,293		49,266		49,361		49,484
Prekindergarten through grade 8 (in thousands)	7,481	3	9,757	12,520	14,984	16,899	19,378	21,279	18,833	19,387	27,602		32,513		28,034		29,152		33,486		34,235		34,205		34,286		34,409		34,625
Grades 9-12 (in thousands)	80	3	110	203	519	915	2,200	4,399	6,601	5,725	8,485		13,037		13,616		11,390		13,371		15,081		15,087		14,980		14,952		14,860
Enrollment as a percent of total population	19.6	3	19.7	20.3	20.4	19.7	20.6	21.1	19.4	16.8	20.3		22.6		18.5		16.4		16.8		16.5		16.4		16.2		16.1		16.0
Enrollment as a percent of 5- to 17-year-olds	64.7	3	65.5	68.9	71.9	74.2	78.3	81.7	84.4	83.1	82.2		87.0		86.7		90.2		88.7		91.6		91.5		91.5		91.6		91.8
Percent of total enrollment in grades 9-12	1.1	3	1.1	1.6	3.3	5.1	10.2	17.1	26.0	22.8	23.5		28.6		32.7		28.1		28.5		30.6		30.6		30.4		30.3		30.0
High school graduates (in thousands)	—		—	22	62	111	231	592	1,143	1,063	1,627		2,589		2,748		2,320		2,554		2,892		3,001		3,039		3,128		3,144
Average daily attendance (in thousands)	4,077		6,144	8,154	10,633	12,827	16,150	21,265	22,042	22,284	32,477		41,934		38,289		37,799		43,807		46,133		46,156		46,173		45,919		46,168
Total number of days attended by pupils      enrolled (in millions)	539		801	1,098	1,535	2,011	2,615	3,673	3,858	3,964	5,782		7,501		6,835	4	—		7,858		8,267		8,261		8,264		8,199		8,244
Percent of enrolled pupils attending daily	59.3		62.3	64.1	68.6	72.1	74.8	82.8	86.7	88.7	90.0		90.4		90.1	4	—		94.3		—		93.1		—		—		—
Average length of school term, in days	132.2		130.3	134.7	144.3	157.5	161.9	172.7	175.0	177.9	178.0		178.9		178.5	4	—		179.4		179.2		179.0		179.0		178.6		178.6
Average number of days attended per pupil	78.4		81.1	86.3	99.0	113.0	121.2	143.0	151.7	157.9	160.2		161.7		160.8	4	—		169.2		—		166.6		—		—		—
Total full-time equivalent (FTE) instructional       staff (in thousands)	—		—	—	—	—	678	880	912	963	1,457		2,286		2,406		2,986		3,819		4,187		4,214		4,278		4,279		4,151
Supervisors (in thousands)	—		—	—	—	—	7	7	5	—	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Principals (in thousands)	—		—	—	—	—	14	31	32	43	64		91		106		126		137		154		158		160		168		165
Teachers, teacher aides, librarians, and      guidance counselors (in thousands)5	201		287	364	423	523	657	843	875	920	1,393		2,195		2,300		2,860		3,682		4,033		4,056		4,118		4,111		3,986
Males (in thousands)	78		123	126	127	110	93	140	195	196	404	4	711	4	782	4	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Females (in thousands)	123		164	238	296	413	585	703	681	724	989	4	1,484	4	1,518	4	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Percent male	38.7		42.8	34.5	29.9	21.1	14.1	16.6	22.2	21.3	29.0	4	32.4	4	34.0	4	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
	Amounts in current dollars
Total revenues and expenditures
Total revenue receipts (in millions)	—		—	$143	$220	$433	$970	$2,089	$2,261	$5,437	$14,747		$40,267		$96,881		$208,548		$372,944		$555,711		$584,684		$592,422		$596,391		$604,293
Federal government	—		—	—	—	—	2	7	40	156	652		3,220		9,504		12,701		27,098		47,151		47,788		56,670		75,998		75,541
State governments	—		—	—	—	—	160	354	684	2,166	5,768		16,063		45,349		98,239		184,613		263,609		282,623		276,526		258,864		266,786
Local sources, including intermediate	—		—	—	—	—	808	1,728	1,536	3,116	8,327		20,985		42,029		97,608		161,233		244,951		254,273		259,226		261,529		261,965
Percentage distribution of revenue receipts
Federal government	—		—	—	—	—	0.3	0.4	1.8	2.9	4.4		8.0		9.8		6.1		7.3		8.5		8.2		9.6		12.7		12.5
State governments	—		—	—	—	—	16.5	16.9	30.3	39.8	39.1		39.9		46.8		47.1		49.5		47.4		48.3		46.7		43.4		44.1
Local sources, including intermediate	—		—	—	—	—	83.2	82.7	68.0	57.3	56.5		52.1		43.4		46.8		43.2		44.1		43.5		43.8		43.9		43.4
Total expenditures for public schools      (in millions)	$63		$78	$141	$215	$426	$1,036	$2,317	$2,344	$5,838	$15,613		$40,683		$95,962		$212,770		$381,838		$562,195		$597,314		$610,326		$607,018		$604,215
Current expenditures6	—		—	114	180	356	861	1,844	1,942	4,687	12,329	7	34,218	7	86,984	7	188,229	7	323,889	7	476,814	7	506,884	7	518,923	7	524,715	7	527,166	7
Capital outlay8	—		—	26	35	70	154	371	258	1,014	2,662		4,659		6,506		17,781		43,357		62,863		66,426		65,890		56,715		50,928
Interest on school debt	—		—	—	—	—	18	93	131	101	490		1,171		1,874		3,776		9,135		14,713		15,695		17,049		17,232		17,934
Other current expenditures9	—		—	—	—	—	3	10	13	36	133		636		598	10	2,983		5,457		7,804		8,308		8,464		8,356		8,187
Percentage distribution of total expenditures
Current expenditures6	—		—	81.3	83.5	83.6	83.1	79.6	82.8	80.3	79.0	7	84.1	7	90.6	7	88.5	7	84.8	7	84.8	7	84.9	7	85.0	7	86.4	7	87.2	7
Capital outlay8	—		—	18.7	16.5	16.4	14.8	16.0	11.0	17.4	17.0		11.5		6.8		8.4		11.4		11.2		11.1		10.8		9.3		8.4
Interest on school debt	—		—	—	—	—	1.8	4.0	5.6	1.7	3.1		2.9		2.0		1.8		2.4		2.6		2.6		2.8		2.8		3.0
Other current expenditures9	—		—	—	—	—	0.3	0.4	0.6	0.6	0.8		1.6		0.6	10	1.4		1.4		1.4		1.4		1.4		1.4		1.4
Teacher salaries; income and expenditures      per pupil and per capita
Annual salary of classroom teachers11	$189		$195	$252	$325	$485	$871	$1,420	$1,441	$3,010	$4,995		$8,626		$15,970		$31,367		$41,807		$51,052		$52,800		$54,319		$55,202		$55,623
Personal income per member of labor force1	—		—	—	—	—	—	1,726	1,320	3,378	5,738		9,640		19,797		37,283		57,286		75,216		78,340		80,568		78,383		80,806
Total school expenditures per capita of total       population	2		2	2	3	5	10	19	18	39	88		202		426		862		1,368		1,884		1,983		2,007		1,979		1,953
National income per capita1	—		—	—	—	—	—	770	626	1,592	2,550		4,412		9,990		19,375		29,832		40,236		40,906		40,878		39,523		41,185
Current expenditure per pupil in ADA6,12,13	—		—	14	17	28	53	87	88	210	375		816		2,272		4,980		7,394		10,336		10,982		11,239		11,427		11,418
Total expenditure per pupil in ADA13,14	16		13	17	20	33	64	108	106	260	471		955		2,491		5,547		8,589		12,015		12,759		13,033		13,035		12,908
National income per pupil in ADA13	—		—	—	—	—	—	4,416	3,720	10,658	13,964		21,188		58,717		126,516		190,026		260,241		266,971		269,219		264,040		275,935
Current expenditure per day per pupil in      ADA6,13,15	—		—	0.10	0.12	0.18	0.33	0.50	0.50	1.17	2.11		4.56		12.73		—		41.22		57.68		61.36		62.79		64.00		63.94
Total expenditure per day per pupil in ADA13	0.12		0.10	0.13	0.14	0.21	0.40	0.63	0.60	1.46	2.65		5.34		13.95		—		47.90		67.06		71.30		72.83		73.02		72.30
	Amounts in constant 2012-13 dollars16
Annual salary of classroom teachers11	—		—	—	—	—	$10,573	$19,193	$23,855	$29,404	$39,329		$52,830		$47,592		$57,152		$57,133		$57,858		$57,701		$58,543		$58,925		$58,206
Personal income per member of labor force1	—		—	—	—	—	—	23,333	21,851	32,995	45,179		59,042		58,996		67,931		78,286		85,243		85,611		86,834		83,669		84,558
Total school expenditures per capita of total       population	—		—	—	—	—	120	257	296	382	691		1,237		1,271		1,571		1,870		2,135		2,167		2,163		2,112		2,044
National income per capita1	—		—	—	—	—	—	10,413	10,360	15,551	20,079		27,021		29,770		35,302		40,768		45,600		44,703		44,057		42,188		43,097
Current expenditure per pupil in ADA6,12,13	—		—	—	—	—	647	1,172	1,458	2,055	2,954		4,997		6,770		9,073		10,104		11,714		12,001		12,113		12,198		11,948
Total expenditure per pupil in ADA13,14	—		—	—	—	—	776	1,466	1,750	2,543	3,708		5,849		7,422		10,107		11,738		13,617		13,943		14,046		13,914		13,507
National income per pupil in ADA13	—		—	—	—	—	—	59,682	61,586	104,113	109,946		129,766		174,980		230,515		259,686		294,934		291,751		290,157		281,847		288,747
Current expenditure per day per pupil in      ADA6,13,15	—		—	—	—	—	4.0	6.8	8.3	11.4	16.6		27.9		37.9		—		52.4		65.4		67.1		67.7		68.3		66.9
Total expenditure per day per pupil in ADA13	—		—	—	—	—	4.9	8.5	9.9	14.3	20.9		32.7		41.6		—		60.8		76.0		77.9		78.5		77.9		75.7

—Not available.

1 Data on population and labor force are from the Census Bureau, and data on personal income and national income are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce. Population data through 1900 are based on total population from the decennial census. From 1909-10 to 1959-60, population data are total population, including armed forces overseas, as of July 1. Data for later years are for resident population that excludes armed forces overseas.

2 Data for 1869-70 through 1959-60 are school year enrollment. Data for later years are fall enrollment. Total counts of ungraded students were prorated to prekindergarten through grade 8 and grades 9 through 12 based on prior reports.

3 Data for 1870-71.

4 Estimated by the National Center for Education Statistics.

5 Prior to 1919-20, data are for the number of different persons employed rather than number of positions.

6 Prior to 1919-20, includes interest on school debt.

7 Because of the modification of the scope of "current expenditures for elementary and secondary schools," data for 1959-60 and later years are not entirely comparable with prior years.

8 Beginning in 1969-70, includes capital outlay by state and local school building authorities.

9 Includes summer schools, community colleges, and adult education. Beginning in 1959-60, also includes community services, formerly classified with "current expenditures for elementary and secondary schools."

10 Excludes community colleges and adult education.

11 Prior to 1959-60, average includes supervisors, principals, teachers, and other nonsupervisory instructional staff. Data for 1959-60 and later years are estimated by the National Education Association.

12 Excludes current expenditures not allocable to pupil costs.

13 "ADA" means average daily attendance in elementary and secondary schools.

14 Expenditure figure is the sum of current expenditures allocable to pupil costs, capital outlay, and interest on school debt.

15 Per-day rates derived by dividing annual rates by average length of term.

16 Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis.

NOTE: Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Beginning in 1959-60, data include Alaska and Hawaii. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Annual Report of the United States Commissioner of Education, 1869-70 through 1909-10; Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1919-20 through 1949-50; Statistics of State School Systems, 1959-60 and 1969-70; Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary School Systems, 1979-80; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, FY 1980; Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS), "Public School Questionnaire," 1999-2000 and 2007-08; Common Core of Data (CCD), "State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education," 1989-90 through 2011-12, and "National Public Financial Survey," 1989-90 through 2010-11. U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, retrieved November 1, 2013, from http://www.census.gov/popest/data/national/asrh/2012/2012-nat-detail.html. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, retrieved February 5, 2014, from http://www.bea.gov/iTable/index_nipa.cfm. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, retrieved April 15, 2014, from http://www.bls.gov/webapps/legacy/cpsatab1.htm. (This table was prepared April 2014.)