This report presents the results of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) long-term trend assessments in reading and mathematics administered during the 2021-22 and 2022–23 school years to nationally representative samples of 9- and 13-year-old students. Long-term trend assessments were first administered in the early 1970s. The 2022 results for age 9 and the 2023 results for age 13 in this report are compared to the first assessment year in each subject and to the previous long-term trend assessment in 2020. Results are presented in terms of average scores and scores for lower-, middle-, and higher-performing students at five selected percentiles. In addition to overall and percentile scores, results are reported by race/ethnicity, gender, and other demographic groups. The report also includes survey questionnaire data about student absenteeism, reading habits, and mathematics course taking.