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Table B.4.03. | Percentage of employed 25-64 year-olds, by educational attainment (ISCED level), country, and sex: 2008 |
Pre-primary and primary education | Lower secondary education | ISCED 3C Short | Upper secondary education | Post-secondary non-tertiary education | Tertiary education | All levels of education | ||||||||
Country | Sex | ISCED 3C Long/3B | ISCED 3A | Type 5B | Type 5A and advanced research programmes | |||||||||
OECD average | Males | 64.5 | 73.9 | 83.5 | 84.1 | 83.4 | 88.4 | 88.1 | 89.8 | 83.0 | ||||
Females | 37.0 | 50.1 | 67.1 | 65.2 | 66.5 | 76.9 | 78.2 | 79.9 | 65.1 | |||||
OECD countries | ||||||||||||||
Australia | Males | 65.0 | 80.7 | — | — | 88.2 | 1 | 93.4 | 88.4 | 91.5 | 86.0 | |||
Females | 28.0 | 57.2 | — | — | 68.4 | 1 | 78.3 | 70.3 | 79.7 | 65.9 | ||||
Austria | Males | — | 66.7 | 2 | 78.4 | 82.7 | 79.3 | 90.0 | 87.4 | 91.4 | 82.6 | |||
Females | — | 50.2 | 2 | 62.9 | 70.2 | 70.3 | 81.8 | 83.0 | 81.7 | 68.7 | ||||
Belgium | Males | 46.9 | 69.8 | † | 80.9 | 81.8 | 88.5 | 87.2 | 88.9 | 77.4 | ||||
Females | 27.6 | 47.2 | † | 63.6 | 67.4 | 76.2 | 80.6 | 82.7 | 63.1 | |||||
Canada | Males | 53.8 | 71.6 | † | — | 81.0 | 3 | 83.0 | 86.9 | 86.0 | 81.7 | |||
Females | 32.4 | 54.0 | † | — | 69.1 | 3 | 74.2 | 79.2 | 79.6 | 72.4 | ||||
Chile | Males | 84.8 | 75.9 | — | 89.8 | 88.1 | 4 | † | 90.7 | 86.5 | 86.9 | |||
Females | 36.5 | 29.1 | — | 57.7 | 50.3 | 4 | † | 67.1 | 73.6 | 51.3 | ||||
Czech Republic | Males | ‡ | 59.6 | † | 84.2 | 88.5 | 5 | — | — | 92.2 | 6 | 85.2 | ||
Females | ‡ | 41.7 | † | 61.7 | 70.5 | 5 | — | — | 77.2 | 6 | 64.9 | |||
Denmark | Males | 62.0 | 75.0 | 78.0 | 86.6 | 83.7 | 96.6 | 91.8 | 91.2 | 85.1 | ||||
Females | 44.7 | 58.9 | 70.5 | 80.0 | 75.2 | 84.8 | 85.2 | 87.8 | 76.8 | |||||
Finland | Males | 51.3 | 75.2 | † | † | 80.3 | 96.8 | 84.7 | 91.1 | 79.4 | ||||
Females | 45.7 | 61.3 | † | † | 73.2 | 96.3 | 82.4 | 83.9 | 74.4 | |||||
France | Males | 52.3 | 75.2 | † | 79.8 | 82.2 | † | 90.3 | 86.7 | 78.5 | ||||
Females | 38.6 | 58.4 | † | 70.0 | 72.9 | † | 82.3 | 80.2 | 67.4 | |||||
Germany | Males | 57.0 | 69.4 | † | 81.4 | 63.5 | 86.2 | 88.1 | 90.1 | 81.7 | ||||
Females | 34.6 | 51.1 | † | 69.2 | 54.2 | 78.6 | 80.7 | 81.2 | 68.4 | |||||
Greece | Males | 75.5 | 87.2 | 83.2 | 90.0 | 84.7 | 87.1 | 85.0 | 88.1 | 83.8 | ||||
Females | 36.4 | 45.3 | 63.2 | 61.1 | 51.1 | 67.2 | 75.2 | 78.8 | 54.4 | |||||
Hungary | Males | 17.3 | 50.1 | † | 72.9 | 77.9 | 82.8 | 87.7 | 85.0 | 72.1 | ||||
Females | 5.4 | 34.9 | † | 56.0 | 64.7 | 69.2 | 81.3 | 75.8 | 57.8 | |||||
Iceland | Males | 86.2 | 89.6 | 89.4 | 91.9 | 84.4 | 95.1 | 94.0 | 94.7 | 91.7 | ||||
Females | ‡ | 77.2 | 82.1 | 84.4 | 71.8 | 84.7 | 83.5 | 88.6 | 81.2 | |||||
Ireland | Males | 59.0 | 78.1 | ‡ | † | 86.0 | 88.1 | 89.3 | 90.8 | 82.0 | ||||
Females | 31.8 | 48.0 | ‡ | † | 64.0 | 66.2 | 77.0 | 83.1 | 64.1 | |||||
Italy | Males | 50.3 | 77.0 | 82.5 | 84.4 | 83.8 | 86.4 | 82.2 | 86.6 | 78.0 | ||||
Females | 16.3 | 42.4 | 57.5 | 60.3 | 65.2 | 71.9 | 68.2 | 76.1 | 52.2 | |||||
Japan | Males | — | — | — | — | 87.6 | 7 | † | 92.9 | 93.4 | 90.1 | |||
Females | — | — | — | — | 61.7 | 7 | † | 64.8 | 66.9 | 63.3 | ||||
Korea | Males | 74.8 | 80.7 | † | — | 84.2 | 3 | † | 89.8 | 88.9 | 85.3 | |||
Females | 58.4 | 58.4 | † | — | 56.8 | 3 | † | 62.0 | 60.7 | 58.6 | ||||
Luxembourg | Males | 69.6 | 82.5 | 82.1 | 79.0 | 77.9 | 76.6 | 87.4 | 89.3 | 80.5 | ||||
Females | 49.3 | 44.2 | 56.0 | 55.5 | 65.1 | 75.8 | 77.2 | 81.2 | 62.2 | |||||
Mexico | Males | 88.4 | 92.6 | † | 90.4 | 92.5 | † | 91.1 | 91.1 | 90.4 | ||||
Females | 39.3 | 48.8 | † | 59.3 | 55.4 | † | 72.7 | 73.1 | 49.1 | |||||
Netherlands | Males | 66.1 | 82.8 | — | 83.6 | 8 | 90.1 | 84.3 | 86.2 | 90.8 | 86.1 | |||
Females | 38.7 | 55.5 | — | 71.2 | 8 | 78.6 | 78.6 | 80.6 | 86.3 | 71.7 | ||||
New Zealand | Males | — | 76.3 | 2 | 87.7 | 88.0 | 90.1 | 91.4 | 90.1 | 91.8 | 87.6 | |||
Females | — | 59.4 | 2 | 72.8 | 72.4 | 76.8 | 72.8 | 77.8 | 80.5 | 73.3 | ||||
Norway | Males | ‡ | 73.1 | † | 87.8 | 85.1 | 93.4 | 93.4 | 91.8 | 86.2 | ||||
Females | ‡ | 60.3 | † | 80.0 | 79.8 | 87.1 | 94.1 | 89.1 | 79.9 | |||||
Poland | Males | — | 55.0 | 2 | † | 73.8 | 79.2 | 80.8 | — | 89.2 | 6 | 75.7 | ||
Females | — | 32.4 | 2 | † | 52.3 | 59.6 | 67.7 | — | 82.2 | 6 | 59.6 | |||
Portugal | Males | 77.8 | 85.7 | — | — | 83.7 | 1 | 86.6 | — | 90.4 | 6 | 81.6 | ||
Females | 60.2 | 72.7 | — | — | 77.9 | 1 | 64.5 | — | 84.3 | 6 | 68.8 | |||
Slovak Republic | Males | ‡ | 42.6 | — | 78.6 | 8 | 87.9 | † | 71.2 | 92.4 | 81.0 | |||
Females | ‡ | 29.7 | — | 60.3 | 8 | 70.1 | † | 74.4 | 80.1 | 63.4 | ||||
Spain | Males | 64.3 | 81.0 | † | 85.5 | 82.5 | 90.6 | 88.0 | 88.0 | 80.2 | ||||
Females | 33.0 | 52.3 | † | 64.7 | 67.8 | ‡ | 74.1 | 81.3 | 59.2 | |||||
Sweden | Males | 64.3 | 78.9 | † | — | 86.7 | 3 | 87.2 | 88.0 | 90.9 | 85.6 | |||
Females | 42.4 | 64.6 | † | — | 79.1 | 3 | 80.5 | 85.8 | 89.4 | 79.5 | ||||
Switzerland | Males | 75.6 | 79.6 | 88.0 | 89.6 | 80.7 | 91.3 | 94.9 | 93.3 | 90.0 | ||||
Females | 54.8 | 61.7 | 69.4 | 76.6 | 71.1 | 82.3 | 89.4 | 83.3 | 76.0 | |||||
Turkey | Males | 71.7 | 76.8 | † | 82.6 | 79.0 | † | — | 81.4 | 6 | 75.6 | |||
Females | 20.5 | 18.3 | † | 30.2 | 27.8 | † | — | 63.9 | 6 | 26.0 | ||||
United Kingdom | Males | ‡ | 61.3 | 82.3 | 85.8 | 86.8 | ‡ | 89.3 | 90.1 | 83.5 | ||||
Females | ‡ | 42.8 | 69.6 | 77.5 | 77.9 | ‡ | 83.7 | 86.3 | 74.0 | |||||
United States | Males | 68.5 | 65.5 | — | — | 78.8 | 9 | — | 83.5 | 89.3 | 80.9 | |||
Females | 40.0 | 46.1 | — | — | 66.8 | 9 | — | 77.5 | 79.0 | 69.6 | ||||
Non-OECD countries | ||||||||||||||
Brazil | Males | 84.6 | 87.4 | — | — | 89.5 | 1 | † | — | 91.9 | 6 | 87.1 | ||
Females | 52.3 | 58.9 | — | — | 67.7 | 1 | † | — | 81.7 | 6 | 61.3 | |||
Estonia | Males | 34.7 | 69.1 | † | 72.8 | 84.8 | 89.5 | 89.7 | 93.6 | 84.0 | ||||
Females | ‡ | 49.9 | † | 59.7 | 74.3 | 80.5 | 80.1 | 83.2 | 75.1 | |||||
Israel | Males | 55.4 | 67.5 | † | 81.3 | 74.5 | † | 84.9 | 87.6 | 77.5 | ||||
Females | 19.3 | 40.8 | † | 64.6 | 62.5 | † | 73.1 | 83.0 | 64.5 | |||||
Slovenia | Males | 39.6 | 67.7 | † | 78.8 | 83.0 | † | 85.4 | 91.6 | 79.5 | ||||
Females | 28.0 | 50.2 | † | 66.6 | 73.7 | † | 83.1 | 91.1 | 70.7 | |||||
— Not available. | ||||||||||||||
† Not applicable. | ||||||||||||||
‡ Reporting standards not met. There are too few observations to provide reliable estimates (i.e. there are fewer than 3 percent of students for this cell or too few schools for valid inferences). However, these statistics were included in the calculation of cross-country averages. | ||||||||||||||
1 ISCED 3A includes data for ISCED 3C Short and ISCED 3C Long/3B. | ||||||||||||||
2 Lower secondary education includes data for pre-primary and primary education. | ||||||||||||||
3 ISCED 3A includes data for ISCED 3C Long/3B. | ||||||||||||||
4 ISCED 3A includes data for ISCED 3C Short. | ||||||||||||||
5 ISCED 3A includes data for Post-secondary non-tertiary education. | ||||||||||||||
6 Type 5A and advanced research programmes includes data for Type 5B tertiary education. | ||||||||||||||
7 ISCED 3A includes data for pre-primary and primary education, lower secondary education, ISCED 3C Short, and ISCED 3C Long/3B. | ||||||||||||||
8 ISCED 3C Long/3B includes data for ISCED 3C Short. | ||||||||||||||
9 ISCED 3A includes data for ISCED 3C Short, ISCED 3C Long/3B, and post-secondary non-tertiary education. | ||||||||||||||
NOTE: Education levels are defined according to the 1997 International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED97). Pre-primary education refers to ISCED97 level 0. Primary and secondary education refers to ISCED97 levels 1 (primary education), 2 (lower secondary education), 3 (upper secondary education), and 4 (postsecondary nontertiary programs). Higher education refers to the ISCED97 levels 5A (academic higher education below the doctoral level), 5B (vocational higher education), and 6 (doctoral level of academic higher education). Within ISCED 3, there are three categories: (3A) programmes at level 3 designed to provide direct access to ISCED 5A; (3B) programmes at level 3 designed to provide direct access to ISCED 5B; and (3C) programmes at level 3 not designed to lead directly to ISCED 5A or 5B. | ||||||||||||||
SOURCE: Data from Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2010). Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators 2010, table A6.1a. Paris: Author. |