Categorical revenues are all state revenues except general formula assistance and all Federal revenues which are intended to address specific educational needs.
Chapter 1 revenues include Federal revenues awarded through Chapter 1 of the Elementary-Secondary Education Act (P.L. 89-10), including basic, concentration, and migratory education grants. Federal Chapter 1 funding is the largest single federal education program. These revenues provide money to schools systems to improve the teaching and learning of children in high-poverty schools. The purpose of this funding is to supplement existing state and local funds for educational services to provide for the additional needs of economically and educationally disadvantaged children.
Chapter 2 block grants are grants sanctioned by the Education Consolidation Improvement Act (P.L. 100-297), which are intended to encourage innovation and educational improvement, meet the special educational needs of at risk and high cost students, increase local flexibility, reduce administrative burden, and contribute to the improvement of elementary and secondary educational programs.
Child nutrition act revenues are revenues from Child Nutrition Act programs (national school lunch, special milk, school breakfast and ala carte) sanctioned by P.L. 79-396 and P.L. 89-642. It includes cash payments only and excludes the value of donated commodities. These programs were created to serve nutritious meals to students. The household income of children at participating schools determines whether they receive full- or reduced-cost or fee meals.
Children with disabilities revenues are Federal revenues awarded under the Children with Disabilities Act (P.L. 91-230), including formula grants authorized in Part B of this legislation. Excludes project grants authorized in Part C (Early Education and Severely Disabled Programs), Part E (Innovation and Development), and Part G (Technical Development), which are included in Other direct federal aid.
District type is defined by the level of instruction provided. The categories and distinctions are:
An education agency is a government agency administratively responsible for providing public elementary and/or secondary instruction or education support services.
Education attainment is defined as the highest level of education attained. In this study it is measured by the percentage of householders with high school diplomas (or its equivalent) or higher education. Persons who reported completing the 12th grade, but not receiving a diploma are not included.
Eisenhower math and science revenues are math and science formula grants authorized by Title II-A of the Elementary-Secondary Education Act (P.L. 89-10). These grants support sustained and intensive high-quality professional development for elementary and secondary teachers in math and science. This grant program is intended to enhance the abilities of teachers and the quality of math and science instruction, and thus improve the nations economic position. This federal grant is given to states to pass on to school districts based on the numbers of children in poverty and according to total enrollments.
Elementary is a general level of instruction classified by state and local practice as elementary, composed of any span of grades not above grade 8. Preschool or kindergarten is included only if it is an integral part of an elementary school or a regularly established school system.
Enrollment is defined as the count of students on the current roll on or about October 1, 1989.
Federal bilingual education revenues include project grants for bilingual education authorized by Title VII of the Elementary-Secondary Education Act and Title IV-E of the Carl D. Perkins Act. This act makes grants available to develop and implement new comprehensive, coherent, and successful bilingual education or special alternative instructional programs for limited English proficient students. These programs are designed to enable students to achieve full competence in English and to allow students to meet grade-promotion and graduation standards.
Federal Indian education revenues include both project and formula grants for Indian education authorized by the Education Consolidation and Improvement Act (P.L. 100-297, Title IV-C) and the Johnson-OMalley Act. These grants provide financial support to local education agencies in their efforts to reform and improve elementary and secondary school programs that serve Indian students.
Federal vocational education revenues include formula grants authorized by the Carl D. Perkins Vocational Education Act (P.L. 101-392). This includes revenues from Title II (Basic Grants), Title III-A (Community Based Organizations), Title III-B (Consumer and Homemaking Education), and Title II-E (Tech-Prep Education). These funds assist states and outlying areas to expand and improve their programs of vocational education. These grants support professional development; development, dissemination, and field testing of curricula; and assessment of programs. These grants also support the promotion of partnerships among business, education, industry, labor, community-based organizations, or government agencies; tech-prep education programs; vocational education student organizations; and leadership and instructional programs in technology education.
A federally operated agency is any elementary, secondary, or combined education program operated by a federal agency (such as Bureau of Indian Affairs).
General formula revenues are state revenues from general non-categorical state assistance programs such as foundation, minimum or basic formula support, principal apportionment, equalization, flat or block grants, and state public school fund distributions. It also includes state revenue dedicated from major state taxes, such as income and sales taxes.
General revenues are non-categorical revenues which consists of all local revenues, state general formula assistance, and state payments on behalf of the local education agency for employee benefits.
Geographic region refers to district location within a region of the country. The regional designators for this analysis are:
Impact aid revenues (P.L. 815 and 874) provide financial assistance to school districts affected by federal activities, the presence of tax-exempt federal property and/or federally connected children. Payments are made to school districts to compensate for lost local revenue due to enrollments of substantial numbers of students who reside on federal property and/or have parents who are employed on federal property or who are on active duty in the uniformed services. This includes federal payments for construction (P.L. 81-815) and for maintenance and operation (P.L. 81-874).
Individualized educational program (IEP), as used here, is defined as a written instructional plan for students with disabilities designated as special education students under IDEA-Part B.
Limited English proficient (LEP) is defined as children 5 years and over living in households in which English is not the spoken language, who speak English "not well" or "not at all." As this variable is derived from the decennial census, it relates to all children residing within district boundaries. Although these children may or may not be enrolled in public schools, comparing this count to the total school age population residing within district boundaries is believed to be the best single proxy measure available for this time period for deriving the percentage of LEP students by district.
Median household income is defined as the 1989 median income of the householder and all other persons 15 years old and over in the household, whether related to the householder or not.
Median value owner-occupied housing is defined as the median value of specified owner-occupied housing units.
Metropolitan status is the classification of an education agency's service area relative to a Metropolitan Statistical Area. Categories and distinctions are:
A Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) is so defined if it is the only MSA in the immediate area and it has a city of at least 50,000 population; or if it is an urbanized area of at least 50,000 with a total metropolitan population of at least 100,000.
Other agency is defined as any elementary, secondary, or combined education program that cannot be appropriately classified using another CCD designation and that has been reported as such by the state's CCD Coordinator.
Other federal aid includes all other federal funds disbursed through the state to the local education agency and federal grants awarded directly to the local education agency. This includes formula grants authorized by the Adult Education Act (Part B), project grants for Handicapped Education (Early Education and Severely Disabled Programs, Innovation and Development, and Technical Development), Head Start, Follow Through Magnet Schools, Dropout Demonstration Assistance, and Gifted and Talented.
Other revenues from state sources include amounts for specific programs other than general formula, staff improvement, special education, compensatory education, gifted, vocational, school lunch, capital outlay, and transportation. This includes instructional materials, textbooks, computer equipment, library resources, guidance and psychological services, school lunch matching payments, driver education, energy conservation, enrollment increases and losses, health, alcohol and drug abuse, AIDS, child abuse, summer school, prekindergarten and early childhood, adult education (excluding vocational), desegregation, private schools, safety and law enforcement, and community services. This also includes those items financed by relatively minor state taxes, licence, fees, and funds such as severance and licence taxes, timber and motor vehicle taxes, payments in lieu of taxes, refunds, land reimbursement, and forest funds.
Population in poverty is defined as persons for whom poverty status was determined in 1989, living below poverty level. In this study it is measured by the percentage of persons in a school district below the poverty level.
Regional education service agencies (RESA) are agencies that provide special services (such as regional vocational/technical or special education) to other public elementary and secondary education agencies.
A regular school district is an agency responsible for providing free public elementary and secondary education for school-age children residing within its jurisdiction. These agencies may include special and vocational education in a comprehensive education setting. In some cases, these education agencies contract with other agencies to provide services rather than operating schools themselves.
Revenues are defined as increases is the net current assets of a government fund type from other than expenditure refunds and residual equity transfers. These are reported as revenues from local, state, and federal sources.
Revenues from federal sources are direct grants-in-aid from the federal government; federal grants-in-aid through the state or an intermediate agency; and other revenue such as that received in lieu of taxes because the tax base was not subject to taxation.
Revenues from local sources are revenues from a local education agency, including local property and nonproperty tax revenues, local government, tuition, transportation, food services, student activities, donations, and property rentals.
Revenues from state sources are revenues from a state government source including those that can be used without restriction, those for categorical purposes, and revenues in lieu of taxation.
A school district is a geographic area within a state where a public school system operates as a governmental entity with responsibility for operating public schools in that geographic area.
School-age at-risk children refer to children 6 to 19 years old living with mother, mother not high school graduate and single, divorced, or separated, and family income was below the poverty level in 1989.
School-age children in poverty is defined as children 5 years of age and over for whom poverty status was assigned in 1989. As this variable is derived from the decennial census, it relates to all children residing within district boundaries. Although these children may or may not be enrolled in public schools, comparing this count to the total school age population residing within district boundaries is believed to be the best single proxy measure available for this time period for deriving the percentage of school-age children in poverty by district.
Secondary is defined as the general level of instruction classified by state and local practice as secondary and composed of any span of grades beginning with the next grade following the elementary grades and ending with or below grade 12.
Special education students are students for which curriculum, materials, or instruction is adapted or for which special services are provided. This includes students with any of the following disabling conditions:
State bilingual education program revenues include state aid to districts for bilingual education or special alternative instructional programs for limited English proficient students.
State compensatory education revenues include revenues from state compensatory education for at risk or other economically disadvantaged students including migratory children (unless considered part of bilingual education programs) and orphans. This also includes funds from state programs directed toward the attainment of basic skills and categorical education excellence and equity education programs which provide more than staff enhancements - such as materials, resource centers, and equipment.
State school lunch program revenues include state aid to districts for school lunch and nutrition programs.
State special education revenues include state funds for the education of physically and mentally handicapped students.
State vocational education program revenues are those state funds for activities that provide students with the opportunity to develop the knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed form employment in an occupational area.
A state-operated agency is a state-operated entity charged, at least in part, with providing elementary and/or secondary instruction or support services.
A student is an individual for whom instruction is provided in an elementary or secondary education program that is not an adult education program and is under the jurisdiction of a school, school system, or other education institution.
Transportation program revenues are those state funds for transporting students to and from school and school activities. It includes bus driver salaries and bus replacements.
An urbanized area is defined as an area with a population concentration of at least 50,000; generally consisting of a central city and the surrounding, closely settled, contiguous territory and with a population density of at least 1,000 per square mile.
A vocational education district is defined as a public elementary/secondary district that focuses primarily on vocational education, and provides education and training in one or more semiskilled or technical occupations.
